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HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
Cambridge: mass. 




the Vicinity of 

HARVARD COLLEGE 

1898-9 . 






















C F. Dunbar. 








J- A. Noyes. 














J. B. Fletcher. 




























!:' 


0. U Klttredge. 


























> ; ; 


H. MHnstorberg. 




C. W. Eliot. 








C. C. Langdell. 


1: 


A y'jj^K 8 Wright. 








34-A. H. K. Schllllnir. 














36-A. C. R. Lanman. 














































J. H. Arnold. 








W. C. Lano. 






































68-A.' H. L.'Imvth. 






M. 














A. B. Hart. 




Radcliffe College. 




















£' 


a. K.Franoke. 



H. C. G. TOn°Jagem 
. Clifford H.Moor< 



. m. O. Pickering. 



I.-Inetltute of 1770. 
J.-Jefferson Physica 



Mm—Memorial Hail, 



Pt.— i'rescott nan, lent 
Q'cy.— Quincy Hall, 18ft 
it-Rogers Building, 1( 



'■■:;■■ ' ' ' '<"■■ < 

: clety House^wst 



iy.H.'— Walter Hastings Hall, 



_ Zeta Psl Club House. 




HEUOrm; p*i»mNS Co. «ost»« 



1. Elm wood. 

2. G. P. Baker. 

VO-A. *J . AX. I>C(UO) 

69. T. W. Richards. 
69-A, W. C. Sabine. 
69-B. J. H. Ropes. 

71. H. C. G. von Jagemann. 
71-A. C. H. Grandgent. 

72. M. Bocher. 

72- A. Clifford H. Moore. 

73. J. Tor rev, Jr. 
73-A. J. W. Platner. 

74. E. S. Sheldon. 
74-A. G. H. Parker. 

75. A. R. Marsh. 
75-A. L. J. Johnson. 

76. J. Trowbridge. 

77. J. R. Edmands. 

78. E. C. Pickering. 

79. E. Hale. 

80. C. C. Everett. 
82. A. Searle. 

84. C. L. Smit^. 
86. W.S. B'irke. 



I.— Institute of 1770. 

J.— Jefferson Physical La- 
boratory, 1884. 

Ja.— Jarvis Hall, 1891. 

Lit.— Little's Block, 1854. 

Lb.— Library, Gore Hall, 1841. 

L.— Lawrence Hall, 1848. 

M.— Matthews Hall, 1872. 

Mm.—Memorial Hall, 1874. 

Mn.— Manter Block, 1882. 

Ms.— Massachusetts Hall, 1720. 

P.— Perkins Hall, 1894. 

H.H.— Pi Eta Society. 

P.M.— Peabody Museum, 1877. 

Fc'l'nA Porcellian Club 
House, 1891. 

$.A .$.— Phi Delta Phi Club 
House. 

Pt.— Prescott Hall, 1896. 

Q'cy.— Quincy Hall, 1892. 

R.— Rogers Building, 1860. 

R.D.— Randall Dining 
Hall. 1898. 

Ran.— Randolph Hall, 1897. 

R'd.— Read's Block, 1886. 

Rotch.— Rotch Laboratory, 
1890. 

S.— Stoughton Hall, 1805. 

Se.— Sever Hall, 1880. 

Sh.— Shepherd Block. 

Si.— Signet Club House. 

So.— Society House, 1850. 

T.— Thayer Hall, 1870. 

Tr.— Trinity Hall, 1S93. 

U.— University Hall, 1815. 

W.— Weld Hall, 1872. 

W.B.— Weld Boat House, 1890. 

Wa.- Wadsworth House, 17f ' 

Ware.— Ware Kail, 1894. 

Warl.— Warland Block". 

West.— Westmorly, 1898. 

W.H.— Walter Hastings Ha 
1890. 



OFFICIAL GUIDE 



TO 



HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



EDITED FOR 

THE HARVARD MEMORIAL SOCIETY 

BY 

WILLIAM GARROTT BROWN 

Deputy Keeper of University Records 




CAMBRIDGE 



1899 



•ECONO COPY, 
1899. 







38713 



COPYRIGHT, 1899 
BY HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



rwoooFiris Nfccetveo. 







T 



PREFATORY NOTE. 

• 



The first edition of this Guide was prepared and pub- 
lished for the meeting of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science in Cambridge, in August, 
1898. It was edited by Mr. Byron Satterlee Hurlbut, 
A.M. (H. U. '87), Recording Secretary of the Faculty 
of Arts and Sciences. 

The present edition, enlarged and with additional illus- 
trations, is issued, by permission of the President and 
Fellows of Harvard College, by the Harvard Memorial 
Society. The object of this Society, which was founded 
in 1895, is "to foster among students interest in the 
historical associations of Harvard and to perpetuate the 
traditions of her past." 

The editor of the Guide and compiler of the larger part 
of it is Mr. William Garrott Brown, A.M. (H. U. '91), 
Deputy keeper of the University Records. 

The account of the Student Organizations is due 
mainly to Mr. Harold Williams, Jr., of the Class of 
'99 ; that of the Student Publications to Mr. Henry 
James, 2d, of the same class. 

The new illustrations are mainly taken from photo- 
graphs made for the purpose by Professor de Sumichrast, 



IV 

Mr. Walter Babcock Swift, of the Class of 1901, Presi- 
dent of the Harvard Camera Club, and Mr. Wilfred 
G. G. Cole (H. U. '97), of the Graduate School. 

The Memorial Society is und^ obligations to many 
persons for assistance rendered in the preparation of 
the Guide, — especially to Professor William R. Ware 
(H. U. '52), to Professor Morris H. Morgan (H. U. '81), 
and to the officers of the University who have written 
or revised the accounts of their several departments. 

Charles Eliot Norton, 

President of the Harvard Memorial Society. 

Cambridge, 
June, 1899 



INTRODUCTION, 



THE UNIVERSITY. 

TJARVARD UNIVERSITY is an institution of learn- 
-*- -*- ing established under the laws of Massachusetts. 
It is made up of seventeen departments and a large 
number of museums, laboratories, and other establish- 
ments not usually reckoned as separate departments. 
It occupies a total area of more than 500 acres. Most 
of the buildings are in Cambridge and Boston. The 
quick capital of the University in 1898-99 was over 
ten million dollars ; its income sufficed for an average 
annual expenditure of $300 per capita of students. The 
value of the lands and buildings devoted to education 
and the advancement of learning was estimated at nearly 
five million dollars. The enrollment of students in all 
departments, including the summer school of 1898, was 
4660. The officers of instruction and government num- 
bered 504. 

Foundation. 

The title of University dates only from the year 1780, 
when the Massachusetts Constitution of that year re- 
ferred to "the University at Cambridge." Until 1783, 
when medical lectures were first given, the institution 
was properly called Harvard College. 

Harvard College was founded in 1636. Oct. 2, 1636 
(Old Style) the General Court, as the legislature of 



Massachusetts Bay was called, passed the following 
vote : 

"The Court agree to give four Hundred Pounds 
towards a School or College, whereof two Hundred 
Pounds shall be paid the next year, and Two Hundred 
Pounds when the work is finished, and the next Court 
to appoint where and what building.' ' 

The governor who approved this vote was Henry Vane, 
afterwards, as Sir Henry Vane, much distinguished in 
English history. The next year the court voted that the 
College should be at Newtowne, and committed the work 
to twelve eminent men of the colony, among them John 
Winthrop, who preceded and succeeded Vane as governor, 
and John Cotton. The same year the name of the town 
was changed to Cambridge, in honor of the English 
university where a number of the Colonists had been 
educated. In 1638 John Harvard, a nonconforming 
clergyman who had been in the colony about a year, 
died at Charlestown and left his library of 260 volumes, 
and half his fortune, to the infant college. In his honor 
it was called Harvard College. In the year 1640 the 
first President, Henry Dunster, entered upon his duties. 
Two years later the first class, numbering nine, was 
graduated. 

Constitution. 

The institution was thus founded, placed, and named. 
Its constitution has been affected by various changes, 
but two acts of the colonial legislature, each estab- 
lishing a governing board, have determined the general 
character of its government throughout its subsequent 
history. 



The first of these was passed in 1642, and established 
the Board of Overseers; the second in 1650, and estab- 
lished a board officially styled the President and Fellows 
of Harvard College, but always more commonly known 
as "The Corporation." These two boards now govern 
the entire University. 

The Board of Overseers as first constituted was made 
up of the Governor, the Deputy Governor, and the 
Magistrates of the Colony, " together with the teaching 
elders of the six next adjoining towns, — viz., Cam- 
bridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and 
Dorchester," and the President of the College. It 
necessarily included all the most prominent and power- 
ful men of the puritan commonwealth, and the College 
government was therefore very like the government of 
Massachusetts Bay. But this body was soon found too 
large for the immediate direction of the school, and in 
1650 the General Court drew up an instrument of great 
interest, now hanging in the Librarian's room in Gore 
Hall. This instrument is the Charter of Harvard Col- 
lege. It is " the veritable source of collegiate authority" 
to-day, and the corporation it established is the oldest 
in the country. 

The charter committed the property and the govern- 
ment of the College to seven persons, a President, a 
Treasurer, and five Fellows, who were empowered to fill 
vacancies in their number. In them the property of the 
institution was vested. They were to elect its teaching 
and other officers, and to make its laws and orders, sub- 
ject only to confirmation by the Overseers. The records 
of the President and Fellows, preserved in the archives 
of the University, are fairly continuous and complete. 



They reveal with what patience and wisdom, for two 
centuries and a half, the property of the institution 
has been guarded, its activities expanded, and its high 
aims adhered to. The responsibility of the Corporation 
to the Overseers was somewhat lessened in 1657 by an 
appendix to the Charter, to the effect that the acts of 
the smaller body should always have " immediate force," 
although they should still be u alterable" by the Over- 
seers. 

In the year 1684 the colonial charter of Massachusetts 
Bay was revoked, and it was generally held at the time 
that the College charter was vacated by this act of the 
crown. In consequence, the government of the College 
was for years unsettled. In 1691 Massachusetts Bay 
was given a province charter, and the next year the 
General Court passed a new College charter, but it was 
disallowed by the home government because it did not 
give the King the right to appoint visitors. No less 
than three other charters passed the General Court, the 
last in 1700, but none of them ever was confirmed in 
England. Finally, in 1707, the court simply voted that 
the original charter of 1650 was still in force, and on 
that theory the College is still governed, and "the seven" 
are still in power. 

But the other governing body, the Board of Overseers, 
is very different now from the original board. In early 
times the difficulty in getting the members together was 
serious, and led first to the establishment of the Corpora- 
tion and then to a provision of the act of 1657, to the 
effect that, if notice of a meeting should be given to 
members dwelling in the " six next adjoining towns," 
votes passed at the meeting should be valid, whether 



those dwelling in remoter towns received notices or not. 
The constitution of the State of Massachusetts, adopted 
in 1780, changed the Overseers by substituting the Gov- 
ernor, Lieutenant Governor, Council, and Senate of the 
State for the Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Council 
of the Colony; and defined the "teaching elders" of 
the "six towns" as "ministers of the Congregational 
Churches " in those towns 

The next important change came in the year 1810. 
The Council and Senate were eliminated from the Board, 
the official membership being confined to the Governor, 
the Lieutenant Governor, and the presiding officers of 
the two houses of the Legislature. The body of the 
membership was to consist of fifteen Congregational 
clergymen and fifteen laymen, to be elected by the 
Board itself. This law was repealed two years later, 
but reenacted in 1814. Twenty years later the court 
voted that the clerical members might be chosen from 
any denomination, the change to take effect whenever 
the Corporation and Overseers should agree to accept it. 
This they did in 1843, and the institution was thus freed 
from the control of a particular denomination. 

An act of 1851 struck out entirely the requirement that 
a portion of the membership should be chosen from the 
clergy ; made the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, 
the presiding officers of the two houses, the Secretary 
of the Board of Education, and the President and the 
Treasurer of the College, members ex officio ; and 
entrusted the election of the remaining members to the 
two houses in joint convention assembled, a certain 
number to be chosen every year and to go out of office 
at the end of a term of years. 



6 

In 1865 the Board was divorced from the State govern- 
ment by an act which, with two slight amendments, is still 
in force. Under it the bachelors of arts of five years' 
standing elect every commencement day five members of 
the Board who hold office for six years, the President and 
the Treasurer for the time being remaining members ex 
officio. Candidates for membership need not even reside 
in Massachusetts. The election is held in Massachusetts 
Hall, and is conducted according to the "Australian" 
system. Thus, after many changes, the government of 
the University is no longer connected with either church 
or state, except that the General Court of Massachusetts 
necessarily retains the power to alter it, — a power, how- 
ever, which the court does not seek to exercise without 
the consent of the University itself. It is therefore true 
that neither state nor church exercises any control over 
Harvard, though it was founded by the state and long 
dominated by the church. 

THE DEPARTMENTS. 

Turning now to the immediate government of the Uni- 
versity, its departments may be considered as divided 
into two general classes, according as they chiefly promote 
the one or the other of the two general objects for which 
the whole exists. These two objects are instruction and 
the advancement of learning. Ten of the departments 
are schools, and their main work is teaching. Seven 
departments, and numerous minor establishments, cannot 
be called schools ; they serve to increase and preserve 
knowledge, rather than to instruct and train young men, 
though they are all accessory to the work of teaching. 



Faculty of Arts and Sciences. 

The administration of Harvard College and of two 
other departments, The Lawrence Scientific School and 
The Graduate School, is committed to a body called the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, whose meetings are held in 
University Hall, the central building in the College Yard. 
This faculty numbers (in 1898-99) 102. The schools 
under its control, offering more than five hundred courses 
of instruction in forty-nine general subjects to more than 
three thousand students (3240 in 1898-99), use in com- 
mon most of the lecture halls, laboratories, museums, 
libraries, etc., in and about the College Yard in Cam- 
bridge. The College, the largest of all the departments, 
has nearly two thousand students (1,851 in 1898-99). 

Six degrees are awarded on recommendation of the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The courses offered in 
the College lead, ordinarily after a residence of four years % 
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Similarly, the courses 
in the Scientific School lead to the degree of Bachelor of 
Science. To properly qualified students in the Graduate 
School who fulfill the requirements of work and residence, 
the degrees of Master of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor 
of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy are offered. 

The Summer School is directed by a committee of the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and most of the courses 
are given in Cambridge ; but the Medical School Faculty 
has control of the courses in medicine, which are given in 
Boston. The total enrollment of Summer School students 
in 1898 was 759. Women are admitted to all the summer 
courses except those in medicine. 



The Professional Schools. 

The six professional schools are administered by facul- 
ties separate from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Only 
two professional schools, those of Divinity and Law, are 
in Cambridge. 

The Divinity School has its buildings on Divinity Ave- 
nue. It offers about forty courses of instruction, covering 
all the subjects studied in denominational schools of 
divinity, but is not controlled by any denomination. 
The ordinary term of residence leading to the degree of 
Bachelor of Divinity is three years. The students are 
given many privileges of study in other departments of 
the University. 

The Law School occupies Austin Hall, on Holmes 
field, Cambridge, near the site of the house formerly 
occupied by the Hohnes family, to whose estate the land 
formerly belonged. The term of residence ordinarily 
necessary to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Laws is 
three years. About thirty separate courses of instruction 
are offered. The enrollment of students in 1898-99 was 
551. 

The Medical School occupies a building at the corner 
of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston, adjacent to 
the Boston Public Library. The term of residence for 
the degree of Doctor of Medicine is four years. The 
courses offered, including the advanced courses offered 
to graduates, cover about thirty principal subjects. The 
enrollment of students in 1898-99, exclusive of summer 
students, was 560. 

The Dental School occupies a building on North Grove 
Street, Boston. The term of residence leading to the 



degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine is three years. The 
courses of instruction, some of which are given in the 
Medical School, cover about fifteen principal subjects. 
The enrollment in 1898-99 was 139. 

The School of Veterinary Medicine is situated at and 
near the corner of Village and Lucas Streets, Boston. 
The term of residence leading to the degree of Doctor of 
Veterinary Medicine is three years. The courses of 
instruction cover fifteen subjects. The enrollment in 
1898-99 was 25. 

The Bussey Institution, a school of agriculture and 
horticulture, is situated in Jamaica Plain, a suburb of 
Boston. After a year's residence a student may, by 
passing the required examinations, obtain the degree 
of Bachelor of Agricultural Science. The enrollment 
of students in 1898-99 was 23. Systematic instruction 
is given in agriculture, in useful and ornamental garden- 
ing, and in chemistry and natural history as applied to 
these arts. 

Other Departments. 

The remaining departments of the University do not 
offer regular courses of instruction leading to degrees ; 
but they are all intimately associated with the work of 
teaching and are of incalculable value to the various 
schools which have been enumerated. 

The University Library is justly described as the very 
centre of the working life of the whole University. Its 
principal strength is in Gore Hall, the College Library, 
but the Librarian and the Library Council control more 
than thirty department, laboratory, and class-room libra- 
ries in Cambridge and Boston. 



10 

The University Museum, including The Peabody 
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, is 
of daily use to students in the various scientific courses, 
many of which could not be given adequately without its 
collections. The Botanic Garden and Gray Herbarium 
are also in Cambridge. The Astronomical Observatory 
has its principal station in Cambridge, where the bulk 
of its work is done ; but it maintains another station 
at Arequipa, Peru, and the Blue Hill Meteorological 
Observatory cooperates with it. The Arnold Arboretum, 
with its Herbarium and Museum, is in Jamaica Plain, a 
suburb of Boston. 

Minor Establishments. 

The museums, laboratories, etc., not reckoned as 
separate departments, though some of them have sep- 
arate buildings, need not be enumerated here. They 
are all described in the pages which follow. 



THE COLLEGE YARD 

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH. 



There is nothing better to say to a stranger entering 
the Yard of Harvard College than what Lowell said in 
his oration on the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary 
of the founding of the College. Having first praised the 
architectural beauties of Oxford and Cambridge, and 
acknowledged the fitness of their quadrangles and clois- 
ters to stand before our eyes for all the past glories of 
English scholarship and all the venerable associations of 
those aged universities, he frankly confessed of the New 
England college that its past is "well-nigh desolate of 
aesthetic stimulus. We have none," he said, u or next 
to none, of these coigns of vantage for the tendrils of 
memory or affection. Not one of our older buildings is 
venerable, or will ever become Iso. Time refuses to 
console them. They look as if they meant business, and 
nothing more." The interest of these buildings is very 
great ; but it is entirely historical and practical, not 
artistic. For beauty, one must look to the grass and to 
the noble elms ; for inspiration, to the story of the hard 
beginnings of the College and its fidelity to brave ideals, 
and to the lives and characters of the men who have 
studied and taught here, and from here have passed 
into the sendee of their country, and of just causes, and 
of mankind. 

Nevertheless, it seems quite clear that the founders of 
Harvard, poor men though they were, and in a wilderness, 



12 

had in mind the English universities, and Cambridge 
especially, when they set about their task. Many of 
them were Cambridge men ; and the first building, rude 
and ill-built as it was, had much that was suggestive of 
a " Hall" in an English university. We do not certainly 
know where it stood, though it is thought to have stood 
near the site of Grays Hall, but the early records show 
that it was a home as well as a place of study. There 
were in it chambers, "studies," a kitchen, and a buttery ; 
and on top there was a "turret." We even know the 
cost of the various items purchased in fitting up the 
several u studies." Here, for example, is the account, 
taken from the first College Book, for the study occupied 
by George Downing of the Class of 1642. In the entry 
he is called " Sir" Downing because he was a graduate 
when the account was made ; later he went into the 
English diplomatic service, was knighted, and won for 
himself an eminence not very admirable, for he was 

reputed a miser and a turn-coat. 
* 
Sir Downings Study. 

lb s d 

Impr. For boards 272 foote - 16 - 3 ob. q.] 

It. Ten dayes &4 worke at 22 d a day . . . - 19 - 3 

It. For y e Smithe's worke 0-6-11 

It. For glasse 0-2-1 

It. For nayles, locke & key - 3 - 

Tb ' 

Suma totalis 2 - 7 - 6 ob. q.] 

There is no picture of this first " college," but the high 
ideal of the builders and their scanty means resulted in a 
structure of which one writer tells us that it was i ' thought 
by some to be too gorgeous for a wilderness, and yet too 
mean in others' apprehension for a college." It was soon 



13 

in need of repairs and proved inadequate to the wants 
even of the scanty College population of those days. 
Within ten years of its completion the "governors" of 
the institution had begun to " purchase the neighbors' 
houses" to accommodate students. One of the houses 
bought for this purpose was Mr. Edward Goffe's, and 
it came to be known as Goffe's College. The term 
"college" was at first applied to each of the separate 
buildings, and this usage survived for many years. In 
1653-54 the commissioners of the Association for the 
Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians were per- 
suaded to erect a small brick building for Indian youth, 
and this was known as the Indian College. But the 
experiment was not successful, and only one Indian ever 
received a Harvard degree. The Indian College was 
poorly built, and was a ruin before the end of the cen- 
tury. So was the " Old College," which was succeeded 
in 1672 by the first Harvard Hall, or Harvard "College ;" 
this seems to have been well built, for it lasted nearly a 
century. 

We have a good picture of this first Harvard Hall, and 
we know that it stood in the Yard, just to the left of the 
main entrance. It stood alone until the year 1700, when 
a new " college," called Stoughton in honor of Lieutenant 
Governor William Stoughton, who gave it, was built in 
front of the main entrance, making a right angle with the 
eastern end of Harvard. A few years later, under the 
guidance of President John Leverett, the institution en- 
tered on a new and more prosperous period in its career, 
and in the year 1718 the General Court of Massachusetts 
made a grant for still another "college," the oldest of 
all the buildings now standing. 



14 

This is Massachusetts Hall, on the right as one enters 
the Yard through the Johnston Gate, and facing the 
site of the first Harvard. It made, with Harvard and 
Stoughton, a very small quadrangle, and of these three 
buildings we have an engraving, made near the middle 
of the eighteenth century. Behind Stoughton, as it ap- 
pears in that engraving, there was an old field, crossed 
by a brook ; probably no one dreamed of a time when it 
would be covered with other College buildings. In 1720, 
when Massachusetts was finished, the graduating class 
numbered thirty-seven, and it was many years before any 
great increase came. Cambridge was but a village, lying 
chiefly between the College and the river. Boston itself 
was but a small town, though thriving, and no bridge con- 
nected the two places. One source of the income of the 
College was the tolls of the Charlestown Ferry, which 
Cambridge people crossed when they went to Boston, 
unless they went by " Roxbury Neck." The s teaching in 
the College was chiefly the work of tutors. The first 
professorship, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity, was 
established the year after Massachusetts was built. 

It is pleasant to know that the outside of Massachusetts 
has not been changed at all. Every class since 1720 has 
seen the same square walls of red brick, the small win- 
dows, the narrow doorways. But the inside has been 
much altered. At first it was given over entirely to small 
chambers and still smaller " studies." After the fight at 
Lexington, in the Revolutionary War, the chambers were 
for a time occupied by American troops, the students 
being sent away to Concord. Early in the present 
century, in President Kirkland's time, a part of the lower 
floor was devoted to lectures and society meetings, and 



15 



in 1870 the remaining chambers and studies made way 
for lecture halls and examination rooms. Several of the 
larger lecture courses, chiefly in history, are now given 
here. While the building was used as a dormitory many 
of the most eminent sons of Harvard lived in it. 

During the eighteenth century no progress whatever 
was made towards the development of the quadrangle 
into which one now looks on entering the Johnston Gate. 
Six years after the completion of Massachusetts, the Pro- 
vince legislature appropriated money to build the President 
a house ; but the site chosen seems to show that it was 
not meant to bear any special relation to the buildings 
already standing. Wadsworth House, as it is now called 
in honor of the first President who occupied it, was the 
home of every one of the Presidents who succeeded him 
until President Edward Everett went out of office. It 
shares with the Craigie House the distinction of having 
sheltered Washington, but it was found inadequate for a 
headquarters. In recent years it has been put to many 
different uses. It has been altered from time to time, 
but except for the paint the outside is still suggestive of 
the sober days and sober lives with which we naturally 
associate it in our thought. 

When the College was a century old, and had trained 
hundreds of clergymen, it was still without a place of 
worship of its own, although it had an interest in the 
parish meeting house which stood near the site of Dane 
Hall. The wife and daughter of Samuel Holden, M.P., 
who himself had been a liberal benefactor of Harvard, 
gave £400 to build a chapel, and a site immediately in 
the rear of the first Harvard was chosen. Holden 
Chapel was the first of the buildings to take its name 



16 

from an English benefactor, and it is rather curious 
that the others so named are very close to it. About 
twenty years later, there being need of a new dormitory, 
the legislature voted the necessary sums, a site to the 
northeast of Harvard was chosen, and the building was 
named for Thomas Hollis, an English merchant, who died 
in 1731 and whose benefactions were the most remarkable 
feature in the cherishing of the College up to that time. 
He was a Baptist, and yet he gave sums which in those 
days were considered vast to help a school which had 
dismissed its first President because he objected to the 
baptism of infants. The Hollis Professorship of Divinity, 
established more than a hundred and fifty years ago, was 
never until the present time filled by a man in sympathy 
with the creed of its founder. 

Hollis Hall was scarcely built when the worst disaster 
the College ever met again reduced the number of buildings 
to five : Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, and it was only 
with the greatest difficulty that Hollis, Stoughton, and 
Massachusetts were saved from the flames. The library 
and the apparatus were lost, but the Province, feeling an 
especial responsibility because the legislature was holding 
its sessions in the hall at the time, promptly voted the 
money to replace it, and a liberal stream of private bene- 
factions poured into the College treasury, so that there 
was soon a new library and new apparatus. The new 
Harvard was devoted to many uses. It had a kitchen and 
buttery, a dining room, a chapel, a library, several lecture 
halls, and the belfry. To tell how, from time to time, it 
lost its various uses, until in our clay it has only lecture 
rooms and departmental libraries, would be to trace the 
expansion of the Colonial College into the American 
University. 



17 

The building of Harvard Hall was, in fact, the comple- 
tion of the Colonial College. The five halls standing in 
1766, with the old President's House, stood unchanged and 
without increase when the Revolution came. From them 
the students migrated to Concord while the British troops 
held Boston, and into them American troops entered while 
Washington commanded in Cambridge. We know that 
the College was very patriotic. Indeed, it can claim no 
small share in the Revolution. True, some of its officers 
and graduates had written verses in Latin, Greek, and 
English and printed them in a volume called " Pietas et 
Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos" and 
sent them to George III on his accession to the throne, 
following in this the example of the English Universities ; 
and the classes were still graded according to the social 
position of the students. But, for all that, Harvard was 
thoroughly American. It had drifted entirely away from 
the Cambridge traditions of its founders. It had bred 
Quincy and Otis and two Adamses ; President Langdon 
was ready to fight or to pray for independence, and John 
Hancock had been chosen Treasurer because he was a 
patriot, and not because he was a good man for the 
place — he was, in fact, the worst treasurer the College 
ever had. When the war ended, the College, with little 
or no change in its constitution or character, entered 
easily on its course as an American institution, thor- 
oughly in sympathy with the ideas for which the Republic 
stands and commended to popular favor by the eminence 
of its graduates in the public service. 

As if to open the way into a larger future, the first 
Stoughton Hall, being in a ruinous state, was taken down 
in 1780, the year in which Harvard took the name " Uni- 



18 

versity." Its destruction certainly opened the way into 
the present Yard. It was not rebuilt until 1804, and then 
on a new site, north of Hollis, and it stood a year or more 
under the name New Hall ; but in the end the old name 
was given it. The money to build it came from a lottery, 
and this method of raising funds, approved by the public 
opinion of those days, was again employed in 1812, when 
Holworthy was built. This was the last hall to be named 
for an English benefactor. The man so honored was 
Sir Matthew Holworthy, who died in 1678 and left the 
College £1,000. Holworthy Hall is the youngest of the 
buildings commonly called old, and its site is important 
because with Stoughton it formed the first corner in 
the main quadrangle of the Yard. From that time there 
was sure to be a quadrangle very much larger than the 
old one formed by Massachusetts, Harvard, and the first 
Stoughton, or the other enclosed by Harvard, Holden, 
and Hollis. In November, 1812, the President and Fel-, 
lows appointed a committee " to devise the form and site 
of a building in the College grounds to include a Commons 
Hall ;" and it was voted that in choosing a site the com-, 
mittee ' ' have reference to other buildings which may in 
future be erected." The committee chose a site directly 
opposite the main entrance; Charles Bulfinch was the 
architect, and the Hall when completed was called 
University. 

University was well named, whether we consider the 
uses to which it has been put or the time at which it 
was built. President Kirkland was in office, and his 
administration is usually taken as marking the entrance 
of Harvard into the life of a true university ; and of this 
university life the new hall has been the centre. For 




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19 

years the religious exercises, the public exhibitions, and 
the students' commons made the building important to all 
members of the University community ; and the adminis- 
trative machinery has always been operated from this 
point. In President Kirkland's clay five new professor- 
ships were established, and the departments of Divinity, 
Law, and Medicine were organized in university fashion. 
The Massachusetts Medical College in Boston and Divinity 
Hall in Cambridge gave evidence that the Yard was not to 
be the limit of physical expansion. They were fore- 
runners of so many buildings for scientific and other 
purposes, built outside the Yard, that it was soon only 
a question of time when the Yard itself would become of 
less practical importance than the departments outside it. 
It was the beginning of a process which is still going on, 
and as a result of which we see Harvard admission exami- 
nations offered in Tokio and a Harvard Observatory on 
top of a Peruvian mountain. 

But the Yard was not yet finished. President Quincy, 
who succeeded Kirkland, saw two very important changes 
in it. On the site of the old meeting house, south of 
Massachusetts, Dane Hall was built in 1832, through 
the liberality of Nathan Dane, and for fifty years it was 
the University School of Law ; here Greenleaf and Story 
and Parsons lectured. It did not, however, look much 
like the present Dane, or stand in the same spot, but 
farther north. In 1845 important changes were made 
in the building. Until it was moved in 1871 to make 
room for Matthews Hall, it helped to define the main 
quadrangle. But Gore Hall, begun in 1837, does not 
belong to the main quadrangle at all. It was, in fact, 
the beginning of a second quadrangle ; but evidently 



20 

not by design. The original Gore Hall was nothing more 
than the western wing of the present building, but it was 
then sufficient in size to harbor the largest library in the 
country more commodiously than, with its several addi- 
tions and re-arrangements, it now harbors the third 
largest. Excepting University, it was the only stone 
building in the Yard, and it shares with University the 
distinction of touching the interests of more men, inside 
and outside the University, than any other of the Harvard 
buildings. 

The main quadrangle as we now see it was not com- 
pletely outlined until the building of Grays Hall in 1863. 
Meantime, however, in 1857-58, Boylston Hall and 
Appleton Chapel had risen on opposite sides of Gore, 
Appleton serving to define the northern limit of the new 
quadrangle. Both had their origin in the benefactions 
of wealthy Bostonians, from whom they took their res- 
pective names. Appleton Chapel supplanted University 
Hall as the centre of the religious life of the University, 
as University Hall had supplanted Holden and Harvard. 
Boylston, the first of the buildings distinctly dedicated 
to the physical sciences, may be regarded as a humble 
beginning of an extremely potent development in the later 
history of the University. Grays, an unpretentious dormi- 
tory, taking its name from a family eminent in the law 
and eminent in generosity to the University, was the last 
building erected in the Yard before the present era of 
unprecedented expansion began with the inauguration of 
President Eliot in 1869. 

In the Yard three new dormitories, with Sever Hall, 
the Fogg Museum of Art, and Phillips Brooks House, 
indicate the eagerness with which the new vigor presses 



21 

into the spaces still left for the builder. They may serve 
also to indicate the chief source of energy; for they 
are all examples of a munificence unexampled until our 
own times in the history of benefactions to American 
universities. They are, indeed, cheering proofs that in 
our Republic generous and wealthy citizens are willing to 
play the part of those royal and noble patrons to whom, 
in the old world, learning is indebted for its stateliest 
temples. The three dormitories, Weld, Matthews, and 
Thayer, have completely filled out the line of the main 
quadrangle. Sever fixes the eastern limit of the second 
quadrangle. 

It has been said that University Hall is still the centre 
of University life. That is true enough ; but in another 
sense Memorial Hall, though it stands outside the yard, 
is also its centre. The aim of the University has always 
been to train men for high services, and Memorial com- 
memorates the military service the sons of the University 
rendered in the Civil War. First conceived in the enthu- 
siasm with which Harvard welcomed those of her gradu- 
ates who came back alive from the war, it was built 
at last by the contributions of hundreds of alumni and 
friends who wished to put into enduring form their 
reverence for those who never returned. Its tower is 
the first object to catch the eye of one who approaches 
the University; its lesson outlasts all others in the 
minds of those who go away. Without it, and that 
for which it stands, Harvard might still be a great 
University, but not what it aims to be — an adornment 
and a support to the Republic. 



DESCRIPTION 



OF THE 



GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 



The Johnston Gate, at the main entrance to the 
Yard, was built in 1890, and was the gift of Samuel 
Johnston, of Chicago. It was designed by Charles Follen 
McKim. The ironwork was given by Mrs. George von 
L. Meyer, of Boston. On a tablet in the right wall is 
the following inscription: 

AFTER GOD HAD CARRIED VS SAFE TO NEW ENGLAND 

AND WEE HAD BVILDED OVR HOVSES 

PROVIDED NECESSARIES FOR OVR LIVELI HOOD 

REARD CONVENIENT PLACES FOR GODS WORSHIP 

AND SETTLED THE CIVILL GOVERNMENT 

ONE OF THE NEXT THINGS WE LONGED FOR 

AND LOOKED AFTER WAS TO ADVANCE LEARNING 

AND PERPETVATE IT TO POSTERITY 

DREADING TO LEAVE AN ILLITERATE MINISTRY 

TO THE CHVRCHES WHEN OVR PRESENT MINISTERS 

SHALL LIE IN THE DVST 

NEW ENGLANDS FIRST FRUITS 




THE JOHNSTON GATE 




THE MEYER GATE 



23 



A tablet in the left wall bears this inscription : 

BY THE GENERAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS BAT 

28 OCTOBER 1636, AGREED TO GIVE 400^ 

TOWARDS A SCHOALE OR COLLEDGE WHEREOF 200^ 

TO BEE PAID THE NEXT YEARE & 200^ 

WHEN THE WORK IS FINISHED & THE NEXT COVRT 

TO APPOINT WHEARE & W T BVILDING 

15 NOVEMBER 1 63 7 THE COLLEDG IS ORDERED 

TO BEE AT NEWETOWNE 

2 MAY 1638 IT IS ORDERED THAT NEWETOWNE 

SHALL HENCEFORWARD BE CALLED CAMBRIGE 

12 MARCH 1638-9 IT IS ORDERED THAT THE COLLEDGE 

AGREED VPON FORMERLY TO BEE BVILT AT CAMBRIDG 

SHALBEE CALLED HARVARD COLLEDGE 

The Meyer Gate, at the Cambridge Street entrance 
to the Yard, opposite the delta on which stands Memorial 
Hall, was the gift of George von Lengerke Meyer, of 
Boston, of the Class of 1879. Designed by Charles 
Follen McKim, it was erected in 1891. 

University Hall, built in 1815, of white Chelmsford 
granite, after a design by Bulfinch, cost $65,000, of which 
$53,000 was given by the State of Massachusetts. Soon 
after its completion there was added to the western facade 
a portico, which was, however, removed in 1842. For a 
while University contained the library and the philosophi- 
cal apparatus, and the room for ordinary chapel assembly. 
There were galleries, pews for members of the Faculty and 
their families, and a pulpit in the middle of the east side. 
The Hall became the centre of the University life; for 



24 



some time the students' commons were here ; public 
dinners and Commencement and Exhibition Performances 
were given here as late as 1867 ; and here were entertained 
Presidents Monroe, Jackson, Van Buren, and the Mar- 
quis de Lafayette. Of late years the hall has undergone 
much alteration. In 1849 the lower floor, and in 1867 
the chapel, were cut up into recitation rooms ; and other 
changes have given the building over to lectures and 
administrative work. In 1896, however, the original 
chapel was restored, and it is now used for the meet- 
ings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Hanging on 
its walls are portraits of former officers and of benefactors 
of the University. Near this site, but somewhat to the 
westward, stood the first Stoughton Hall, built in 1700; 
and here, also, was the spring at which Professor 
Wigglesworth used to water his cow. 

Massachusetts Hall was built from a grant of 
£3,500 made in 1718 by the Province of Massachusetts. 
It was finished m 1720, and was at first used as a 
dormitory. After the Battle of Lexington it was used 
as a barracks by the Continental soldiers, and some- 
what damaged. About one hundred years after the 
erection of the building the lower part was given over to 
rooms for lectures and societies ; and in 1870 the whole 
building was devoted to the public uses of the University. 
In the lower hall the Phi Beta Kappa dinners are given ; 
and here, on Commencement morning, the President and 
the other officers of the University welcome the Governor 
of the Commonwealth, his staff, and the invited guests of 
the day. 




< 



> 

5 



25 

Harvard Hall, built in 1765-66 by the Province of 
Massachusetts, at a cost of $23,000, replaced the first 
Harvard Hall, which was destroyed by fire in 1764. As 
the building was occupied at the time by the Province 
Legislature, which had been driven from Boston by 
the small pox, the Province of Massachusetts Bay con- 
sidered itself responsible for the loss, and therefore built 
the present Harvard Hall. This at first contained the 
chapel, the library, the philosophical apparatus, and the 
dining hall of the College. Like Massachusetts Hall, it 
was used and somewhat damaged by the troops in Revolu- 
tionary times. Here Washington was received in 1789, 
and Monroe in 1817. Except Holden Chapel, it is the 
only one of the early College buildings which has never 
been used as a dormitory. It is now used for lectures 
and recitations, and contains the libraries of the Depart- 
ments of the Classics, History and Government, and 
Economics. 

TJie Library of the Department of the Classics (Room 3) 
was established for the use of students in that Department. 
It contains dictionaries, and general treatises on grammar, 
history, antiquities, literature, philosophy, etc., together 
with all the most recent and many of the more valuable 
older editions of Greek and Latin authors ; in all about 
3000 volumes. The books recommended by the several 
instructors of the Department for collateral reading in 
their courses are all included. On the walls hang like- 
nesses of former professors in the Department from the 
beginning of the nineteenth century. 

The Principal Lecture Boom of the Classical Depart- 
ment (Room 1) is equipped with an excellent (electric 
light) stereopticon and about 3000 slides^ illustrating 



26 



Greek and Roman life, art, archaeology, etc., etc. The 
Department has also in its various lecture rooms about 
2000 mounted photographs and a considerable collection 
of casts of Greek and Roman sculpture. A set of fac- 
similes of ancient coins is at present deposited in the 
Fogg Museum of Art. 

The History Reading Room (Room 2) contains four 
department libraries. 

The Library of the Department of History and Govern- 
ment is made up of books on English and continental 
history and government — nearly 2000 volumes — and 
half as many on American history. The collection on 
American history is frequently called the Evans Library. 

The Library of the Economics Department is made up 
of a collection on Political Economy and one on Social 
Questions — in all about 2000 volumes. 

These four collections are especially designed to 
provide copies of the books most commonly used in 
connection with the courses of study in the subjects to 
which they relate. 

Hollis Hall, built by the Province of Massachusetts 
Bay in 1763, at a cost of £3,000, and named for the 
first Thomas Hollis, contains 32 rooms. Hollis, who es- 
tablished two chairs, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity 
and the Hollis Professorship of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy, was the greatest benefactor of the University 
during the first century of its existence ; and his example 
was followed by other members of his family for several 
generations. The building was from the first used as a 
dormitory, but some of its rooms have been occupied by 
societies, such as the Harvard Washington Corps, the 




MASSACHUSETTS HALL 




HARVARD HALL 



27 

Engine Company, and the Pi Eta. Like the other older 
buildings, it was given over to the Revolutionary soldiers 
for a time, and was somewhat damaged. 

Stoughton Hall, built in 1805 at a cost of about 
$24,000, of which three- fourths was secured by a public 
lottery authorized by the State, was named for Lieutenant 
Governor William Stoughton, who, as Chief Justice of 
Massachusetts Bay, presided at the Witchcraft Trials. It 
was he who gave the funds for the first Stoughton Hall, 
built in 1700. The present Stoughton, at first called 
New Hall, was used from the beginning as a dormitory. 
The Hasty Pudding Club formerly met and had reading 
rooms here. Like Hollis Hall, the building has 32 rooms. 

Phillips Brooks House, a memorial to Phillips 
Brooks, of the Class of 1855, Preacher to the University, 
Overseer, and Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Massachu- 
setts, was designed by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow, 
of the Class of 1876. Numerous small subscriptions 
contributed to the fund raised for the memorial. It was 
begun in March, 1898, and is to cost, when finished, 
$50,000. Here the religious and charitable work of the 
University finds its centre. Besides the space devoted 
to the volunteer charity work of the students, the build- 
ing contains a large general meeting room, a room with 
facilities for giving dinners, a committee room, two so- 
ciety rooms, a library, memorials to Phillips Brooks and 
others, and an assembly hall occupying the whole of the 
top story. 

Holden Chapel. — Madam Holden, wife of Samuel 
Holden, M.P., Governor of the Bank of England, — who 



28 



was regarded as the head of the English Dissenters, — 
together with her daughters, gave to the College £400. 
With this money the first building designed solely for 
religious uses by the University, Holden Chapel, was 
built in 1744. On its west front the Holden Arms are 
carved in wood. When the present Harvard Hall was 
built, Holden ceased to be used for religious services. 
For a while it contained four rooms, being divided into 
two stories, each of which consisted of two apartments. 
Those on the lower floor were used as chemical laboratory 
and lecture room ; those on the upper floor as anatomical 
museum and lecture room. But after the building of 
Boylston Hall each story was converted into one large 
recitation room, and later these w r ere thrown together 
into a single room. In recent years Holden Chapel 
has been used chiefly for religious purposes, society 
meetings, etc. 

Holworthy Hall was built in 1812, chiefly from the 
proceeds of a lottery authorized by the State of Massa- 
chusetts. It was named for Sir Matthew Holworthy, an 
English merchant, who at his death in 1678 left to 
the College £1,000, the largest single gift received in the 
seventeenth century. Used always as a dormitory, this 
hall has for many years been considered, on account of 
its large rooms, the most desirable in the Yard, and was 
for a while used exclusively by seniors. Room 12, which 
was visited in 1860 by the Prince of Wales and in 1871 
by the Grand Duke Alexis, contains pictures of these 
personages presented by themselves. Holworthy has 24 
suites of rooms, each consisting of a study and two single 
bedrooms. 




HOLLIS HALL 




STOUGHTON HALL 



29 



Thayer Hall was erected in 1869-70 at a cost of 
$100,000. It was the gift of Nathaniel Thayer, a mer- 
chant of Boston, a member of the Board of Overseers 
from 1866 until 1868, and a Fellow of the College from 
1868 until 1875. He gave it in memory of his father, 
Nathaniel Thayer, of the Class of 1789, a tutor in the 
College in 1792-93, and of his brother, John Eliot 
Thayer, the founder of the Thayer Scholarships. This 
dormitory, which contains 68 suites of rooms, was de- 
signed to accommodate 116 students and three officers. 

Weld Hall, containing 54 suites of rooms, of which 
22 are single and the rest double, was built in 1871-72, 
at a cost of about $97,000. It was given by William 
Fletcher Weld in memory of his brother, Stephen Minot 
Weld, of the Class of 1826, a benefactor of the College, 
a member of the Board of Overseers from 1858 until his 
death in 1867, and one of the first to conceive the idea 
of Memorial Hall. 

Grays Hall, built in 1863 by the College, is named 
for Francis Calley Gray, of the Class of 1809, a Fellow 
of the College from 1826 until 1836, John Chipman Gray, 
of the Class of 1811, a member of the Board Overseers 
from 1847 until 1854, and William Gray, of the Class of 
1829, a member of the Board of Overseers from 1866 
until 1872, all three benefactors of the University. It 
has always been used as a dormitory, and has 49 suites 
of rooms, each consisting of a study and an alcove. 
Antiquarian research has made it seem probable that the 
first of all the College buildings stood on the site of this 
hall. 



30 

Holyoke House, on Massachusetts Avenue, opposite 
Grays Hall, was erected by the President and Fellows in 
1870-71, at a cost of $120,000, and contains 50 suites 
of rooms. The ground floor is occupied by stores. 

Matthews Hall, completed in 1872, was the gift of 
Nathan Matthews, of Boston, who stipulated that half 
the net income from the dormitory should be used to 
aid needy and deserving scholars ; students for the 
ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church and sons 
of ministers of that church to be preferred. The fifteen 
Matthews Scholarships were thus established. This 
dormitory, containing 60 suites of rooms, is thought to 
stand on the site of the old Indian College, built in 1654. 

Dane Hall, built with $7,000 given by Nathan Dane, 
of Beverly, of the Class of 1778, a delegate to the Con- 
tinental Congress, was completed in 1832 ; but when 
Matthews Hall was built, Dane was moved a short dis- 
distance south of its original site. The Law School occu- 
pied the building until 1883, when Austin Hall was built. 
In 1882 certain rooms in Dane were given over to the 
Harvard Cooperative Association, which still occupies 
them. Other rooms are now used for lectures and for 
the Psychological Laboratory; one room contains the 
Musical Library, of about 200 volumes. After the 
summer of 1899, the Bursar's Office will be in this 
building. In 1845, and again in 1891, Dane Hall was 
enlarged. 

The Psychological Laboratory, founded in 1891, occu- 
pies the second floor of Dane Hall, and consists of ten 
working rooms and one large lecture room. It is devoted 




HOLDEN CHAPEL 




HOLWORTHY HALL 



31 

chiefly to original research work in all fields of experi- 
mental psychology, and secondarily to courses fdr be- 
ginners in psychology. The apparatus may be classified 
in five groups. 

The first group contains the collection of instruments 
for the study of seeing, hearing, and touching. In 
the service of the optical investigations two rooms are 
fitted up as dark rooms, equipped with the heliostates 
and with instruments for the study of color-sensations. 
The second group contains the means for studying the 
centrifugal processes, such as emotion, volition, action ; 
among them the instruments for the time measurement of 
psychical processes and for the registration of expression. 
The apparatus of the third group is employed in the study 
of the ideas and their associations, of memory and apper- 
ception, of space and time, and of attention and feeling. 
The fourth group contains models of brain and sense 
organs, mostly with detachable parts ; microscopes, with 
histological nerve preparations ; apparatus demonstrating 
the functions of eye and ear. The fifth group includes 
a regular workshop, with carpenter's bench, electrical 
outfit with batteries, motors, induction coils, galvano- 
meters, etc. ; chemical and mechanical, anatomical and 
physiological outfits ; and a full line of all material for 
preparing the apparatus for the varying purposes of new 
investigations. 

The reference library contains full sets of the leading 
psychological and philosophical magazines and a collec- 
tion of philosophical, psychological, and physiological 
handbooks and monographs. Large charts of the nervous 
system, pictures of psychologists, and diagrams showing 
optical illusions, etc., cover the walls of the rooms. 



32 

College House, on Massachusetts Avenue, opposite 
Dane Hall, was originally called Graduates' Hall. It was 
erected at the expense of the College in 1832. In 1845, 
when it was occupied largely by law students, an addition 
was made in order to give room for a store and for the 
office of the Omnibus Company. The addition was made 
at the expense of a building occupied by students and 
called College House, or, more familiarly, "the old 
den." Undergraduates were first allowed to room in 
Graduates' Hall in 1846-47, but it was not until 1860 
that the name was changed to College House. The upper 
floors contain 70 rooms ; the ground floor is occupied 
by stores. 

Wadsworth House was built partly with a grant 
of £1,000 made by the General Court of Massachusetts 
Bay in 1726, the year after President Wadsworth 
was inaugurated ; partly with other funds, as the Court 
would not grant enough to complete it. It was finished 
in 1727, and cost altogether about £1,800. It is the 
oldest building now standing except Massachusetts Hall. 
At first called the President's House, it was occupied by 
successive presidents until 1849. It was the head- 
quarters of Washington and Lee for a short time in 
1775, until more spacious quarters were obtained in the 
old Vassall House, now known as Craigie House, later the 
residence of Longfellow. Undoubtedly, some of the first 
despatches sent by Washington to Congress, to Kichard 
Henry Lee, and to General Schuyler, were written in 
Wadsworth. Towards the close of the century the 
building was enlarged, and after 1849 it was used as 
a dormitory and boarding house for students. It is at 




THAYER HALL 




WELD HALL 



33 

present occupied by the Preachers to the University and 
a few students. 

Boylston Hall was erected in 1857 with a fund 
bequeathed by Ward Nicholas Boylston, which was sub- 
sequently much increased by subscription. The building 
was enlarged by the addition of a third story in 1870, 
and the accommodations were still further extended in 
1891 and 1895. It is occupied by the Department of 
Chemistry of Harvard College, of the Lawrence Scientific 
School, and of the Graduate School. 

On the entrance floor are four laboratories. The 
laboratory for quantitative analysis (Room 2) is pro- 
vided with hoods, apparatus for electrolysis, and water- 
baths of novel construction. In the weighing-room 
adjoining this laboratory is a collection of 203 new com- 
pounds and 50 other substances illustrating the original 
work of the department before the year 1893. The 
laboratory for inorganic research (atomic weights) is 
entered through the laboratory for quantitative analysis. 

The laboratory for physical chemistry is in Room 4 ; 
the laboratory for elementary chemistry is in Room 5. 

In the basement is a laboratory for descriptive inor- 
ganic chemistry. 

On the second floor are the lecture rooms and the 
rooms for chemical apparatus and specimens (Rooms 7, 
9, 10). A selected collection of specimens is exhibited 
in two cases in the entry for the use of the class in inor- 
ganic chemistry. The library (Room 8) is also on this 
floor. It contains the more important chemical text- 
books and periodicals (1600 volumes and over 5000 dis- 
sertations), to be used for consultation only ; it is supple- 



34 



mentary to the larger collection of books on chemistry 
in Gore Hall. 

On the third floor is the laboratory for organic 
chemistry (Room 11), with places for men studying 
elementary chemistry, and for students of research. On 
the same floor is the laboratory for qualitative analysis, 
which also accommodates the overflow of the class in 
descriptive inorganic chemistry. 

The storerooms for apparatus and chemicals are in the 
garret. 

Sever Hall, completed in 1882 at a cost of about 
$115,000, is named for Mrs. Ann E. P. Sever, who 
left $100,000 to the College. It was designed by Henry 
Hobson Richardson, of the Class of 1859. It contains 37 
rooms, used chiefly for recitations and lectures. Here, too, 
are the departmental libraries of English, French, German, 
Indo-Iranian, Semitic, and Romance Languages. 

The Child Memorial Library (Room 2) was founded in 
1897 by a subscription among the friends and the former 
pupils of Professor Francis James Child to perpetuate the 
memory of his services to the University and to learning. 
This subscription resulted in a sum of nearly $11,000, 
the income of which is spent under the direction of the 
Department of English for the purchase of books relating 
to the study of English. 

With the Child Memorial Library are kept the Library 
of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, 
and the Library of Romance Philology. 

The Library of the Division of Semitic Languages and 
History (Room 7) was established by the generosity of 
Jacob H. Schiff, Esq., of New York ; a few gifts have been 




GRAY'S HALL 




HOLYOKE HOUSE 



35 

received from other persons. It is intended to supply 
students in Semitic languages and history with the requi- 
site aids for special investigation ; as far as possible the 
purchase of text-books and of books found in the College 
Library is avoided. 

The Library of the Department of Indo- Iranian Lan- 
guages (Room 15) contains books on the religions, the 
antiquities, and the literature of India, in part supplement- 
ing and in part duplicating the collection in the College 
Library. Here are also kept some 500 manuscripts of 
Sanskrit and Prakrit texts, purchased for the University 
by Professor Lanman in India. These, with about as 
many more given to the University by Dr. Fitzedward 
Hall, of the Class of 1846, form the largest collection of 
Indie manuscripts in America. 

This library also contains maps and many large, 
mounted photographs of Indie antiquities and scenery. 
From these pictures have been made nearly 250 lantern- 
slides, illustrating especially subjects concerning the 
archaeology of India, and this collection of slides is 
from time to time increased. The room contains three 
cases with over 340 electrotype reproductions, made from 
the originals in the British Museum, of coins struck in 
India before the Mohammedan invasion of 1000 a.d. 

Here, also, is placed the Siamese edition of the Sacred 
Books of the Buddhists, in 39 volumes, made by the 
King of Siam to commemorate the 25th anniversary of 
his accession to the throne, and by him given to the 
University. 

The Library of the Department of French (Room 21) is 
strictly a reference library for the use of instructors and 
students in the higher courses, and comprises a careful 



36 

selection of the most useful works in French literature 
from the middle ages to the present day. The books 
are classified, and a card catalogue further facilitates 
consultation. 

In the library and adjoining rooms (Rooms 19 and 23) 
are displayed numerous photographic reproductions, in- 
cluding portraits of literary and historical celebrities, 
important paintings, and views of historical scenes and 
buildings and of Paris and other French cities. Some 
interesting autographs are framed and hung in the library. 
Persons interested can usually get access to the rooms by 
applying to the officer in charge, or, in his absence, to 
the porter of the hall. 

The Fine Arts Drawing Room (Room 37) is provided 
with working tables for students. Here is kept a con- 
siderable collection of drawings, photographs, engrav- 
ings, and casts for class use. Among the drawings 
are a few original ones by Prout and Ruskin, and among 
the photographs are several of important drawings by 
Viollet-le-Duc. 

Appleton Chapel, the second building belonging 
to the University designed solely for religious worship, 
was the gift of Samuel Appleton, of Boston, who left 
$200,000 to the College with the direction that one- 
fourth of it should be spent for a chapel. It was built 
at a cost of nearly $68,000, and was completed in 
1858. In the interior a good many changes have been 
made : the pulpit, at first on the northern side, is now at 
the eastern end ; the roof proved defective and had to be 
altered ; the galleries are of recent date. The later im- 
provements are due to the liberality of the children ol 




MATTHEWS HALL 




DANE HALL 



37 

Nathan Appleton, of Boston. Here are held the daily 
religious services of the University. 

The management of the religious services of the 
University is entrusted to a Board of Preachers, which 
was established by the following vote of the President 
and Fellows, of date May 10, 1886 : — 

' ' That five preachers to the University be annually 
appointed by the President and Fellows, with the con- 
currence of the Board of Overseers, who, in conjunc- 
tion with the Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, 
shall arrange and conduct the religious services of the 
University." The Board of Overseers at once concurred 
in this vote, and in 1892 it was incorporated in the 
Statutes of the University. 

In June, 1886, on the unanimous recommendation of 
the Preachers and the Plummer Professor, the Presi- 
dent and Fellows voted " That the statute numbered 15, 
concerning religious exercises, be amended by striking 
out the clause, ' at which the attendance of the students 
is required '" ; and the Board of Overseers concurred 
in this vote also. Attendance at the religious services 
of the University was thus, by the advice of those 
who conduct the services, made wholly voluntary. 

Each member of the Board of Preachers conducts daily 
morning prayers, which are held at quarter before nine 
o'clock, for about three weeks in each half-year, and each 
preaches on four Sunday evenings. The preacher conduct- 
ing morning prayers is in attendance every morning during 
his term of duty at Wadsworth House 1 , and is at the 
immediate service of any student who may desire to 
consult him. On Thursday afternoons from November 
to May vesper services are held in the University Chapel. 



38 



These services are brief, largely musical, with an address 
from one of the Preachers. Occasionally, the Board 
invites other preachers, of various communions, to con- 
duct the Sunday evening services. The music at all 
services is by the College choir, a full male chorus of 25 
sopranos and altos and 16 tenors and basses. 

There have served on the Board of Preachers since its 
foundation in 1886 : — 

Edward Everett Hale, D.D. 

Alexander McKenzie, D.D. 

Theodore C. Williams, D.B. 

George A. Gordon, D.D. 

Phillips Brooks, D.D. 

William Lawrence, S.T.D. 

Brooke Herford, D.D. 

Henry Van Dyke, D.D. 

Lyman Abbott, D.D. 

Charles Carroll Everett, D.D. 

Washington Gladden, D.D. 

Leighton Parks, D.D. 

J. Estlin Carpenter, A.M. 

E. Winchester Donald, D.D. 

Samuel McChord Crothers, A.B. 

Simon J. McPherson, D.D. 

John H. Vincent, D.D. 

Samuel D. McConnell, D.D. 

Philip S. Moxom, D.D. 

George Harris, D.D. 

George Hodges, D.D. 

William DeWitt Hyde, D.D., LL.D. 

William H. P. Faunce, A.M., D.D. 

William Wallace Fenn, D.B. 




COLLEGE HOUSE 




WADSWORTH HOUSE 



39 

The William Hayes Fogg Art Museum, 

nearly opposite Memorial Hall, is a fire-proof building of 
Indiana stone, erected at a cost of $150,000, and com- 
pleted in the year 1895. It was founded by Mrs. 
Elizabeth Fogg, of New York, in memory of her husband, 
whose name it bears. Mrs. Fogg bequeathed to the 
President and Fellows for this purpose the sum of 
$220,000. Out of the balance of this sum, with its 
accrued interest, after paying the cost of the building, 
the expenses of the first equipment of the Museum were 
met, and the remainder (about $50,000) is reserved as a 
fund to defray a part of the cost of maintenance and 
administration. 

The building is of two stories, having a lecture-room, 
with a seating capacity of about five hundred, attached. 
The ground floor is divided into a large hall and five 
smaller rooms. In the main exhibition hall are gathered 
casts of some of the finest examples of Greek and Greco- 
Roman sculpture, illustrating the work of all periods of 
Greek art. Among the important objects represented 
are the colossal statue of Apollo from the Temple of 
Zeus at Olympia ; a large portion of the frieze and the 
pediment sculptures of the Parthenon; the Hermes of 
Praxiteles ; the Venus of Melos ; various sculptures lately 
found at Epidaurus ; a colossal relief from the Arch of 
Trajan at Beneventum ; and others. In the middle west 
room is a small number of casts from Egyptian and 
Assyrian sculptures ; in the southwest room a classified 
collection of electrotypes from Greek and Roman coins 
and a few fine Greek vases ; in the east rooms are a 
few casts from Mediaeval sculptures, and a considerable 
number of casts from sculptures of the Italian Renais- 



40 

sance. Among these last are the beautiful recumbent 
statue from the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto by Jacopo 
della Quercia, the St. George of Donatello, the David 
of Verrochio, and several of the finest works of Michael 
Angelo — including two figures from the Medicean tombs, 
the Pieta of Rome, and the Madonna of S. Lorenzo. 

On the walls of the corridor of the upper floor a large 
number of photographs from drawings by the Italian and 
German masters of the Renaissance will be found, together 
with a number of solar enlargements of photographs from 
Egyptian, Greek, and Mediaeval architectural monu- 
ments. The large upper gallery is at present used for 
the exhibition, by relays, of photographs from works of 
art of various schools and epochs. The west rooms on 
this floor are devoted to the storage of photographs and 
to the work of administration. 

The collection of photographs numbers upwards of 
26,000. It affords a wide range of illustrations of 
the Fine Arts of all epochs and all countries, including 
architecture, sculpture, and painting. These photographs, 
which are kept in dust-proof cases, are conveniently clas- 
sified and catalogued for use. They are always acces- 
sible to members of the University, and other suitable 
persons, on application to the Director's assistants. Large 
tables are provided for convenient examination of the 
photographs, and conveniences for tracing, copying, and 
note-taking are afforded. 

In the larger east room on this floor, and in a part of 
the great gallery, are deposited the Gray and the Randall 
collections of engravings, which together include about 
30,000 prints. The Gray Collection was bequeathed to 
Harvard College, with provision for its increase and main- 




BOYLSTON HALL 




SEVER HALL 



41 

tenance, by Francis Calley Gray, of the Class of 1809. 
It is rich in prints from the works of the great early 
German and Italian wood and metal engravers and 
etchers ; and contains many specimens of later forms of 
engraving, including numerous examples of more modern 
work. This collection is exhibited by relays in glazed 
dust-proof cases ; and access to the prints in the storage 
cases may always be had, under suitable regulations, on 
application to the Director or his assistants. 

The Randall Collection was given to the College in 
the year 1892 by Miss Belinda L. Randall in accordance 
with the wishes of her brother, John Witt Randall, of 
the Class of 1834, together with the sum of $30,000 to 
establish a fund, the income of which is to be used, as far 
as it may be needed, for the care and preservation of the 
prints ; any surplus income may be used at the discre- 
tion of the President and Fellows for the general purposes 
of " the department of Engravings and allied branches of 
the Fine Arts." This large collection, gathered by Mr. 
Randall to illustrate the history of the art of engrav- 
ing, contains some very important prints. 

The Randall Collection is accessible under the same 
regulations which apply to the Gray Collection. 

Memorial Hall and Sanders Theatre. — When 
the President and Fellows voted to accept this building, 
they took occasion to say of it that it was u the most 
valuable gift which the University has ever received, in 
respect alike to cost, daily usefulness, and moral signifi- 
cance." The daily usefulness of the building is chiefly 
due to its western end, which serves as a dining hall for 
students ; the eastern end is the principal place of assem- 



42 

bly on occasions of academic ceremonial ; the moral 
significance of the whole is set forth especially in the 
transept, which one enters first. 

Sanders Theatre, as the eastern end is called, is named 
for Charles Sanders, of the Class of 1802, from whose 
bequest it was built. The dining hall and the transept 
were built by a committee of the alumni, with funds given 
by numerous graduates and friends of the University, as 
a memorial to the sons of Harvard who fought for the 
preservation of the Union, and especially to those who 
fell. 

At a meeting of graduates in Boston, in May, 1865, a 
committee of eleven was appointed to consider the subject 
of a permanent memorial. They reported at the next 
Commencement in favor of a memorial hall. A commit- 
tee of fifty was named, with full power to act. Charles 
Greely Loring, of the Class of 1812, was made chairman, 
and many distinguished gentlemen were among his asso- 
ciates. The plan of a memorial hall, providing a meeting 
place for the alumni, a dining hall for the students, and a 
commemorative monument to the soldiers of Harvard, was 
adopted ; William Robert Ware, of the Class of 1852, and 
Henry Van Brunt, of the Class of 1854, were appointed 
architects ; and a building committee and a committee on 
finance were appointed to carry out the work. The old 
" Delta," long a play ground, was secured for a site, the 
University obtaining Jarvis Field in exchange. The 
corner stone was laid October 6, 1870 ; the dining hall 
and the memorial vestibule were finished in the summer 
of 1874; Sanders Theatre was first occupied Commence- 
ment Day, 1876. The whole building was transferred to 
the President and Fellows in July, 1878. The total cost 




APPLETON CHAPEL 




THE WILLIAM HAYES FOGG ART MUSEUM 



43 

up to that time was $368,482. Many additions and 
adornments have since been given by classes, individual 
graduates, and friends. The extreme length of the build- 
ing is 305 feet ; the width through the axis of the transept 
is 113 feet ; the tower is 190 feet high. The clock in the 
tower is the gift of the Class of 1872, and was placed 
there in 1897. On the exterior of the theatre, at the east 
end, are busts of seven orators — Demosthenes, Cicero, 
St. Chrysostom, Bossuet, Pitt, Burke, and Webster, all 
executed in sandstone by John Evans, of Boston; at 
the west end, in the cloister porch, are a marble statue 
of President Everett, by Hiram Powers, a bronze bust of 
President Walker, by Miss Anne Whitney, and a tablet 
erected to the memory of Edward Augustus Wild, of the 
Class of 1844, Brigadier General, United States Volun- 
teers. The iron gates of the cloister were given by a 
member of the Class of 1871. Inscription: 

C • A • GOODNOW 
A • B • 1871 • FORES • SUA • PEC • F 

The inscriptions on the outside of the building are as 
follows : 

The dedicatory inscription, beginning above the south 
entrance to the transept and ending above the north 
entrance, is 

MEMORIAE • EORVM 

QVI • HIS • IN • SEDIBVS • INSTITVTI 

MORTEM • PRO • PATRIA • OPPETIVERVNT 

VT • VIRTVTIS • EXEMPLA 

SEMPER • APVD • VOS • VIGEANT 

SODALES - AMICIQVE • POSVERVNT ^ 



44 

Which may be translated : 

In memory of 

the men trained here 

who 

Gave their Lives for their Country 

this Hall is built 

by their Classmates and Friends 

to the end that Ensamples of Manhood 

be ever in honor among you. 

The dates 1861 and 1865 are inscribed on the south 
front, though they form no part of the dedicatory sentence. 

Above the great west window are the words hvmanitas • 
virtvs • pietas, and below it : aedificata . ann • dom • 

MDCCCLXXI . ANN • COLL • HARV ■ CCXXXV 

In the interior of the transept, above the wainscoting, 
the two rising to a height of 24 feet, are marble tablets 
inscribed with the names of those students and graduates 
who fell in the war for the Union. Of these, 97 had been 
in Harvard College, 17 in the Medical School, 13 in the 
Law School, 6 in the Scientific School, 2 in the Divinity 
School, and 1 in the Astronomical Observatory. The 
dates of their deaths and the places where they fell 
are also given. Above the tablets are various inscrip- 
tions, as follows : — 

On the east wall, in the centre : 

THIS HALL 

COMMEMORATES THE PATRIOTISM 

OF THE GRADUATES AND STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITY 

WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES 

DURING THE WAR FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION 

AND UPON THESE TABLETS 

ARE INSCRIBED THE NAMES OF THOSE AMONG THEM 

WHO DIED IN THAT SERVICE 



45 

t 

On the east wall near the south entrance, from Cicero, 
Philippics, 14, 34 : 

OPTIMA • EST • HAEC • CONSOLATIO 

PARENTIBVS • QVOD • TANTA • REIPVBLICAE ■ PRAESIDIA • GENVERVNT 

LIBERIS • QVOD • HABEBVNT ■ DOME STIC A • EXEMPLA • VIRTVTIS 

CONIVGIBVS • QVOD • IIS • VIRIS • CAREBVNT 

QVOS • LAVDARE • QVAM • LVGERE • PR AE ST ABIT 

Translation: This is the best comfort unto their 
parents, that they have begotten such strong defences 
of the Republic, unto their children that they shall have 
of their own kindred examples of manhood, unto their 
wives that they shall be widows of husbands fitter for 
eulogy than for weeds. 

At the other end of the east wall, from the Vulgate 
version of St. Luke, 17, 33 : 

QVICVNQVE • QVAESIERIT • ANIMAM • SVAM 

SALVAM ■ FACERE • PERDET • ILLAM 

ET • QVICVNQVE • PERDIDERIT • ILLAM • VIVIFICABIT • EAM 

"Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it; 
and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it." 

Below this is the hexameter verse, adapted from Lucre- 
tius, 3, 869 : 

MORTALEM • VITAM • MORS • IMMORTALIS • ADEMIT 

That is : 

Immortal death hath reft their mortal life away. 



46 

On the west wall, proceeding from south to north : 
Cicero's version of Simonides's epigram on the Spartans 
who fell at Thermopylae (Tusc. Disp. 1, 101) : 

DIC • HOSPES • SPARTAE • NOS • TE • HIC • VIDISSE • IACENTES 
DVM • SANCTIS • PATRIAE • LEGIBVS • OBSEQVIMVR 

Translation : 

Tell Sparta, friend, you saw us lying here 
Obedient to our country's holy laws. 

From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 31 : 

O • FORTVNATA - MORS • QVAE • NATVRAE • DEBITA 
PRO • PATRIA • EST • POTISSIMVM • REDDITA 

Translation : O happy death when the debt to Natur^ 
is paid with free choice for one's native land ! 

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon, 4. 13 : 

CONSVMMATI • IN • BREVI • EXPLEVERVNT • TEMPORA • MVLTA 

They, "being made perfect in a short time, fulfilled a 
long time." 

From Plautus, Amphitruo, 649 : 

VIRTVS • OMNIBVS • REBVS • ANTEIT • PROFECTO 

LIBERTAS • SALVS • VITA • RES • ET • PARENTES 

ET • PATRIA • ET • PROGNATI • TVTANTVR • SERVANTVR 

Translation : 

In sooth, 'tis Courage that surpasseth all : 
The watch and ward of freedom, safety, life, 
Of fortune, parents, offspring, fatherland. 

From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 30 : 

GRATA • EORVM • VIRTVTEM • MEMORIA • PROSEQVI 
QVI • PRO • PATRIA • VITAM • PROFVDERVNT 

Translation : With grateful memory to honor them that 
have yielded up life for native land. 



47 
From Cicero, Philippics, 14, 32 : 

BREVIS • A • NATVRA • NOBIS - VITA • DATA • EST 
AT ■ MEMORIA • BENE • REDDITAE - VITAE • SEMPITERNA 

Translation : A short life hath been given by Nature 
unto man ; but the remembrance of a life laid down in a 
good cause endureth for ever. 

From Bacon, Antitheta 5, in his De Augmentis Scientia- 
rum, lib. 6 : 

BRVTORVM • AETERNITAS • SVBOLES 
VIRORVM • FAMA • MERITA • ET • INSTITVTA 

Compare Bacon's Essays, 7 : " The perpetuity by gen- 
eration is common to beasts ; but memory, merit, and 
noble works are proper to man." 

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon, 4, 1 : 

IMMORTALIS • EST • ENIM • MEMORIA • ILLORVM 
QVONIAM • ET • APVD • DEVM NOTA EST • ET • APVD • HOMINES 

Translation : " The memorial " of these " is immortal : 
because it is known with God, and with men." 

Above the small doors in the west wall : 

ABEVNT • STVDIA - IN • MORES 

From the vidian Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, and 
meaning: Our studies breed our habits. 

RECTI ■ CVLTVS • PECTORA • ROBORANT 

From Horace, Odes, 4, 4, 34, meaning : Eight train- 
ing is the strength of character. 

The great north window in the transept was given by 
Martin Brimmer, of the Class of 1849, Fellow of Harvard 



48 



College 1877-96, in memory of the sons of Harvard who 
fell in the Civil War. It was unveiled on Commencement 
Day, 1898. The artist, Sarah Wyman Whitman, writes of 
it thus : " The design of this window is to commemorate 
the forces which inspired these heroes. Love of the Uni- 
versity is symbolized, at one end of the five lower panels, 
by the Scholar ; and, at the other end, love of Country, 
by the Soldier. Above these are four cherubs, holding 
tablets inscribed with the heroic virtues (Amor, Honor, 
Virtus, Patientia) ; and higher still are angelic figures of 
praise ; while the design culminates in a Rose, wherein 
the ascription of Glory to God is typified in color, with a 
choir of angels circling round the centre." 

The inscriptions and subordinate scenes in the design 
are as follows : 

On the scrolls held by the angels on either side of the 
Rose, from Psalms, 115, 1 : non • nobis • domine • non • 
nobis • sed . tvo • nomini • gloria • sit. Translation : 
" Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name 
give glory." 

On the panel next the Scholar, a picture of Sir Philip 
Sidney giving the cup of water to the soldier, with an 
inscription as follows : vere •tv.es- dignvs • omni • 

SERVITIO • OMNI - HONORE • ET • LAVDE • AETERNA. From 

the Imitatio Christi, Lib. Ill, Cap. X, 45. Translation : 
Truly thou art worthy of all service, all honor, and all 
praise forever. 

On the panel next the Soldier, a picture of St. Martin 
giving his cloak to the beggar. The accompanying inscrip- 
tion contains the saying of St. Martin when, at a crisis in 
his life, he dedicated himself anew to the service of God. 
The Latin words are a translation by Mr. Brimmer from 




< 

w 

H 

Q 

c/2 

Q 
Z 

< 

<J 

X 

< 

2 
o 



49 
the passage in a French life of the Saint : si • tibi • opvs • 

EST - MEO • LABORE • NON • RECVSO • LABOREM. In English : 

" If my labor can serve thee, I will not withhold it." 
The inscription on the middle panel is : 

SALVE • QVISQVIS • ADES 

EORVM • ADSPICIS • NOMINA - HARVARDIANORVM 

QVI • FERVIDI • ADVLESCENTES • SEV • PLENIORE ■ VIRI • CONSILIO 

VT • INTEGRA • MANERET - RES • PVBLICA 

OPPETIVERVNT • MORTEM 

QVAE • MORIENTES • CONSERVABANT • ILLI 

EA • TV • COLITO • DVM • VIVIS 

VT • HOMINES • APVD • NOS • MAGIS • SINT 

LIBERI • BEATI • CONCORDES 

Translation : Greeting, whoe'er thou art. Thou see'st 
the names of the men of Harvard who in ardent youth or 
manhood's riper resolution laid down their lives that the 
Republic might live. Pattern thy life by the principles 
they maintained in death, to make men freer, happier, 
and more united. 

At the bottom of the window : 

MARTINVS • BRIMMER - ALVMNVS • SOCIVS • DONVM - DEDIT, 

that is, The gift of Martin Brimmer, Alumnus and Fellow. 
The two dates, 1829 and 1896, are those of the birth and 
death of Mr. Brimmer. 

In the south window are the names of the Virtues. 

From the gallery above the door leading to the dining 
hall hang two flags, the gift of the nation to Miss 
Dorothea Dix — a gift which she herself chose — for 
her services during the War. These flags she bequeathed 
to the University. 



50 

From the transept two doorways lead to the floor of 
Sanders Theatre, and two stairways to the balcony and the 
gallery. The Theatre is polygonal ; the stage is at the 
west end, and the seats rise towards the eastern walls. 
The seating capacity is about 1300. Above the stage is 
a canopy, serving as a sounding board, and a small 
gallery for musicians. The inscription on the wall above 
the gallery is as follows : 

HIC • IN • SILVESTRIBVS 

ET • INCVLTIS • LOCIS 
ANGLI • DOMO • PROFVGI 



ANNO • POST • CHRISTVM • NATVM • CLO • 10 • C • XXXVI 

POST • COLONIAM • HVC • DEDVCTAM • VI 

SAPIENTIAM • RATI • ANTE • OMNIA • COLENDAM 

SCHOLAM • PVBLICE • CONDIDERVNT 

CONDITAM • CHRISTO • ET • ECCLESIAE • DICAVERVNT 

QVAE • AVCTA • IOHANNIS • HARVARD • MVNIFICENTIA 

A • LITTERARVM • FAVTORIBVS • CVM • NOSTRATIBUS • TUM • EXTERNIS 

IDENTIDEM • ADIVTA 

ALVMNORVM • DENIQVE • FIDEI • COMMISSA 

AB • EXIGVIS • PERDVCTA • INITIIS • AD • MAIORA • RERVM • INCREMENTA 

PRAESIDVM • SOCIORVM • INSPECTORVM • SENATVS • ACADEMICI 

CONSILIIS • ET • PRVDENTIA • ET • CVRA 

OPTVMAS • ARTES • VIRTVTES • PVBLICAS • PRTVATAS 

COLVIT • COLIT 



QVI-AVTEM-DOCTI-FVERINT.FVLGEBVNT-QVASI- SPLENDOR- FIRMAMENTI 

ET • QVI • AD • IVSTITIAM • ERVDIVNT • MVLTOS 

QVASI • STELLAE • IN • PERPETVAS • AETERNITATES 



51 



Translation : 

Here in the woods and wilds 

Englishmen, fugitives from home, 

in the year of our Lord 1636, 

the sixth after the settlement of the Colony, 

holding that the first thing to cultivate was wisdom, 

founded a College by public enactment 

and dedicated it to Christ and his Church. 

Upraised by the generosity of John Harvard, 

aided again and again by patrons of learning both 

here and abroad, 

entrusted finally to the charge of its alumni, 

from small beginnings guided to a growth of greater powers 

by the judgment, foresight, and care 

of its Presidents, Fellows, Overseers, and Faculties, 

it has ever cultivated the liberal arts and public and 

private virtues, 

and cultivates them still. 



The rest of the inscription is from the Vulgate transla- 
tion of the book of Daniel, 12, 3 : "And they that be 
wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament ; and 
they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for 
ever and ever." 



52 

In the panel at the north side of the gallery is the 
donor's inscription : 

CAROLVS • SANDERS 



A • B • ANNI • CIO • 10 • CCC • II 

THEATRVM 

ALVMNIS • ACADEMICIS 

SVA • PEC • F 

In the south panel is the date : 

AEDIFICATVM • ANNO • POST • CHR • NAT 



CIO • 10 • CCC • U,XXVI 

POST • POP • AMER • LIBERATVM 

C 

The marble statue of President Quincy, by William 
Wetmore Story, of the Class of 1838, is the only piece of 
statuary in the Theatre. On the basement floor there are 
large dressing rooms. 

The dining hall, which occupies the long western por- 
tion of the building, is entered from the centre of the 
transept. Another door, at the north end of the trans- 
ept, leads into the Auditor's office ; thence a stairway 
leads to a gallery overlooking the dining hall. From 
this gallery one can pass into rooms set apart for the 
various administrative offices, into a gallery overlooking 
the transept, and by a stairway into the tower. 

The dining hall is 149 feet long, 60 feet wide, and, to 
the ridge, 66 feet high. More than 1100 students, mem- 
bers of the Dining Association, regularly take their meals 
here. A board of directors, chosen by the members, 
administer, under certain regulations of the President 
and Fellows, the affairs of the Association. 



53 



Inside the hall are busts and portraits of alumni and 
benefactors, each marked with the name of the subject 
and the artist. The great western window shows the 
armorial bearings of the nation, the state, and the Uni- 
versity. The stained glass windows on the north and 
the south are all memorial windows, given chiefly by 
various classes. Beginning on the left as one enters, 
the figures in the windows and the inscriptions are as 
follows : 

1. This window is yet unfilled. 

2. Window of the Class of 1859 ; by John La Farge. 
Subject : Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, showing her 
sons to her sister who is playing with her jewelry. In- 
scription : CORNELIA • MATER • GRACCHORVM. Then follow 

Cornelia's famous words : haec • ornamenta • mea . svnt 
— " These are my jewels." 

3 . Davis Memorial Window ; by Henry Holliday ; given 
by the Davis family. Figures : Columbus and Blake. In- 
scriptions : At the top, Port Royal — Memphis — Fort 
Pillow. In the left hand window, Columbus, Born 1442, 
Died 1506. In the right hand window, Blake, Born 1599, 
Died 1657. The memorial inscription proper, occupying 
the lower part of both windows, is as follows : 

MEMORIAE • CAROLI • HENRICI • DAVIS - PRAEF • NAV • VIRI 
BELLI • ET • PACIS • ARTIBVS • PRAESTANTIS • NATVS • EST 
A • D • XVII • K • FEB • A - CIO • 10 • CCC • VII • MORTVVS 
A • D • XII • K • MART • A • CIO • 10 • CCC • vLXXVII • ALVMNVS 
A • CIO • 10 • CCC - XXV • LL • D • CIO • 10 • CCC • vLXVIII • PER 
vLV ANNOS • SINGVLAREM • FIDEM • PRVDENTIAM • VIRTVTEM 
AD • REIPVBLICAE • VTILITATEM • ET - SALVTEM • CONTVLIT 
HVIC • OB • REM • BENE • NAVIBVS - GESTAM • GRATISSIMIS 
VERBIS GRATIAS EGIT • SENATVS • POPVLVSQVE - AMERICANVS 



54 

Translation : To the memory of Charles Henry Davis, 
Rear Admiral in the Navy, eminent in the arts of war and 
of peace. He was born January 16, 1807; died Febru- 
ary 18, 1877 ; A.B. 1825 ; LL.D. 1868. During 55 years 
he served and safeguarded the Republic with singular 
loyalty, foresight, and valor. He received the grateful 
thanks of Congress and the American people for his dis- 
tinguished service in our fleets. 

4. Window of the Class of 1844 ; by Henry Holliday. 
Figures : Dante and Chaucer. Inscriptions : Dante, Born 
1265, Died 1321. Chaucer, Born 1328, Died 1400. 
Below : memoriae • eorvm . qvi • his • ex • sedibvs • a • 
cio • io • ccc • xa,iin • egressi • de • collegio • condis- 

CIPVLISQVE • BENE • SVNT • MERITI • SODALES • POSVERVNT 

Translation : Erected by their classmates to the memory 
of the members of the Class of 1844 who have earned the 
gratitude of the College and of their fellow students. 

5. Window of the Class of 1857; by Cottier & Co., 
London. Subjects : Sir Philip Sidney, and, below, the 
battle field of Zutphen ; Epaminondas, and, below, a 
mother giving her son a shield. Inscription : In Memory 
of those Classmates who fell in the War. Erected 
a.d. 1879. 

6. Window of the Class of 1860 ; by John La Farge. 
Subject: A battle Scene. Inscription: in memoriam 
mdccclx. 

7. Window of the Class of 1877 ; by W. J. McPherson. 
Figures : Charlemagne and Sir Thomas More. 

8. Window of the Class of 1854 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield, of the Class of 1868. Figures : Sophocles and 
Shakspere. Inscription under the figure of Shakspere : 



55 

" Had I a dozen sons, I had rather I had eleven die nobly 
for their country than one voluptuously surfeit out of 
action." From Coriolanus, II, 3. Below both figures: 
In memory of our classmates who fell in defence of the 
Union. 

9. This window is yet unfilled. 

Crossing to the north side of the hall and beginning at 
the west end : 

1. Window of the Class of 1875 : by C. E. Mills. 
Figures : La Salle and Marquette. 

2. This window is yet unfilled. 

3. Window of the Class of 1861 ; by Frank D. Millet, 
of the Class of 1869. Figures: The Student and the 
Soldier. Below the Student, a college lecture room ; below 
the Soldier, a battle field. Inscription : a • litteris • 
laeti • pro • p atria • ad • arm a. Translation : With light 
hearts from letters to arms for our country. 

4. Window of the Class of 1858 ; by Cottier & Co. 
Figures : John Hampden and Leonidas. Inscriptions : 
under Hampden : Died for the cause of civilization and 
law, and the self -restrained freedom which is their result. 
[From a letter of James Jackson Lowell, of this Class, 
written from the field to some of his classmates. He 
was mortally wounded in the battle of Glendale, June 30, 
1862.] Under Leonidas: As for the chances of life or 
death neither is welcome without honour or duty, either 
is welcome in the path of honour and duty. [From a 
letter of Henry Lyman Patten, of this Class, to his 
mother. Five times wounded in battle, he died from 
the effects of his last wound, September 10, 1864.] 
Below : Erected Anno Domini 1882. 



56 



5. Window of the Class of 1863 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield. Figures : Andromache and Hector. 

6. Window of the Class of 1880 ; by John La Farge. 
Figures : Virgil and Homer. 

7. Window of the Class of 1879 ; by Frederic Crownin- 
shield. Figures : Pericles and Lionardo da Vinci. In- 
scriptions : under Pericles, from his speech in Thucydides, 
2, 63 : tyjs tc 7ro\e(i)<s v/xas cIkos ra> rt/xco/xeva) a7ro rov 
apxtiv, (j)7T€p a7ravT€s dyaAAecr0e, /3orj8dv. Translation : 
You are bound to support our country in the dignity 
of her government, in which you all take pride. Under 
Lionardo, from his Trattato, book 2 : II tesoro per se 
non lauda il suo cumulatore dopo la sua vita come fa 
la scienza, la quale sempre e testimonia e tromba del 
suo creator e. Translation (from a Class Report) : 
"Riches in themselves bring no glory to their pos- 
sessor at his death, as knowledge does, which is an 
everlasting witness and herald to its creator." 

8. Window of the Class of 1878 ; by F. D. Millet. 
Figures : General Warren, and below, the Committee 
on the Suffolk Resolves. John Eliot, and below, Eliot 
preaching to the Indians. 

9. Window of the Class of 1874 ; by Edward Emerson 
Simmons of the Class of 1874. Figures : Themistocles 
and Aristides, typifying the reconciliation of the North 
with the South. Inscription, from Herodotus, 8, 79 : c$s 
8c i£r}\6£ ol ®efJU(TTOK\€r]s , cAeye 'ApiOTCtS^? rdSc ' 17/xeas 
crracria^eiv XP* 0V * (TTL £ * * v T€( ? aAA.a> Katpco /cat 8rj kcu iv 
ro)8c 7repl rov OKorepos rj/xiiov 7rXeco dya#a rrjv iraTpiha 
cpyacrercu. Translation : And when Themistocles came 
out to him, Aristides said : At all times and chiefly now 
this should be our rivalry — which of us shall do most 
good to our country. 



57 



The Statue of John Harvard, in the Delta, west of 
Memorial Hall, was designed by Mr. Daniel C. French. 
It was the gift of Samuel James Bridge, and was erected 
in 1884. 

Randall Hall, on the corner of Kirkland Street and 
Divinity Avenue, was built in 1898-99, partly to accom- 
modate the overflow of students unable to obtain board at 
Memorial Hall, but also with a design to furnish cheaper 
board than is offered by the Memorial Hall Dining Asso- 
ciation. The money, $70,000, was given by the trustees 
of the estate of John Witt Randall and Belinda L. 
Randall, who had left a fortune to be devoted to chari- 
table enterprises. 

The dining room is large enough to contain 44 tables, 
seating 528 persons at the same time ; but a larger num- 
ber will be accommodated. In the main building there 
are also an auditor's room, a dressing room for student 
waiters, and, in the basement, toilet rooms. A musicians' 
gallery overlooks the dining room. An extension to the 
north of the main building contains the kitchen, pastry 
kitchen, scullery, vegetables room, cold storage rooms, 
etc. There are separate living rooms for the custodian 
of the building. The architects were Wheelwright and 
Haven, of Boston. 

The Lawrence Scientific School Building. — 

In 1847, Abbott Lawrence of Boston gave to the College, 
for the promotion of " education bearing upon the great 
industries of the country," the sum of $50,000. With 
half of this money the laboratory and the dwelling-house 
connected therewith were built in 1848-49, with the in- 



58 

tention of adding to them later. It was found, however, 
that a fund would be needed for the Professorship of 
Engineering, and the other half was accordingly set 
aside for this purpose. 

The School founded in this way by Abbott Lawrence 
was for 40 years a separate establishment in the Univer- 
sity, governed by a distinct Faculty ; but in 1888 it was, 
along with the College and the Graduate School, placed 
under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The instruction 
given in the Scientific School has for its main purpose a 
professional training in the several branches of applied or 
industrial science, leading to the degrees of Bachelor 
and Master of Science. This instruction is, as regards 
courses, intimately blended with that provided for stu- 
dents seeking the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Master 
of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, or 
Doctor of Science. The difference between the training 
of the College and that of the Scientific School is that 
in the latter each student's course of study is, to a cer- 
tain extent, prescribed. The School has now no separate 
domicile. Its work is done in the various buildings at the 
service of the Faculty which cares for it. In this com- 
mingling of the interests of its students with those of the 
students in the College, the School differs from like schools 
affiliated with other universities. 

The Engineering Library, on the second floor of the 
building, contains more than 5000 volumes on engineer- 
ing subjects ; the reading room connected with it is 
supplied with all the important foreign and American 
engineering periodicals. 

An Instrument Room on the first floor contains survey- 
ing instruments, including a number of transits, levels, 




THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL BUILDING 




THE ROGERS BUILDING 



59 

solar compasses, surveyor's compasses, plane tables and 
alidades, and levels, rods, tapes, and chains. 

The Electrical Engineering Laboratory. — Previous to 
1891, all the instruction in experimental electricity was 
given in the Jefferson Physical Laboratory; but in the 
Fall of that year the small, two-story annex in the rear of 
the Lawrence Scientific School Building was erected and 
equipped, the upper floor as a shop for the repair and 
construction of apparatus, and the ground floor as a 
dynamo laboratory. Since then the equipment has grown 
steadily, and several rooms in the basement of the main 
building are now utilized. 

These include an additional Dynamo Laboratory for 
advanced work, a Standardizing Laboratory for the cali- 
bration of instruments and the testing of the Magnetic 
Properties of Iron and Steel, a well equipped Storage 
Battery Room, an Arc Lamp Room, and a Photometer 
Room for the testing of Arc and Incandescent Lamps. 

The Department of Physiology and Hygieyie occupies 
two rooms in the east wing of the Lawrence Scientific 
School Building. 

The laboratory on the first floor is devoted to instruction 
in human physiology and hygiene and to the investigation 
of problems in hygiene and the physiology of exercise. 
One end of the room is fitted up as a work-shop, with 
screw-cutting lathe, and the necessary metal- and wood- 
working tools for the construction of apparatus. The 
laboratory contains a collection of physiological apparatus 
and appliances for hygienic investigation, and apparatus 
and reagents for physiological and hygienic chemistry; 
there is, also, a collection of about a thousand photo- 
graphs and lantern slides, together with charts, maps, 
and specimens. 



60 

The laboratory on the second floor contains a working 
library and a card catalogue, a hood for chemical work, 
chemical apparatus, and reagents for special work in 
hygiene and physiological chemistry, analytical balances, 
histological apparatus, reagents and preparations, incu- 
bator, sterilizer, and other apparatus for bacteriological 
work. Here, too, is new apparatus for the study of the 
physiology of exercise, and apparatus for the use of stu- 
dents in courses in physiology. 

Plans have already been made and accepted for a new 
building to be devoted chiefly to the engineering work of 
the Lawrence Scientific School, and $175,000, a portion 
of the bequest of Henry L. Peirce to the University, has 
been set apart for this purpose. The new building will 
stand at the east end of Holmes field, on Oxford street. 
It will be four stories high, will have two wings, each 
measuring forty-two by one hundred and ten feet, and a 
central lecture hall measuring sixty by fifty feet. 

The Rogers Building, more generally known as the 
Old Gymnasium, was built in 1858 at a cost of $9,500, 
of which $8,000 was given anonymously by a graduate of 
the University. The name of the donor was made known 
after his death ; he was Henry Bromfield Rogers of the 
Class of 1822. Until the erection of the Hemenway 
Gymnasium in 1878, this building was used as a gymna- 
sium ; it then served as a storehouse till 1894, when it 
was occupied and remodelled by the Department of Engi- 
neering. It now contains an engineering laboratory, 
some draughting rooms, and a lecture room. 

The Engineering Laboratory occupies the whole of the 
ground floor and contains instruments and apparatus for 




THE ROTCH BUILDING (FORMERLY THE CARY BUILDING) 




WALTER HASTINGS HALL 



61 

such investigations as the engineer may be required to 
make, as, for instance, on the physical properties of iron, 
steel and other constructive materials, on the transmis- 
sion of power, on the action of steam and gas engines 
and other prime movers, on the flow of water and gases, 
on boilers and fuels, on lubricants, on the efficiency of 
machines, and so forth. The machines for testing the 
strength of materials include one capable of exerting 
a force of 100 tons. The laboratory also contains 
several steam and gas engines, water motors, an air 
compressor, and other machines for illustration and 
investigation. The testing of road materials for the 
Massachusetts Highway Commission is done in this 
laboratory. 

The Architectural Building, on the south side 
of Jarvis Street, on Holmes Field, contains two drawing 
rooms, a small lecture room, and a small library. The 
library has several thousand photographs, selected to 
illustrate the architectural history of the important Euro- 
pean countries, and 180 volumes, largely folios. On the 
walls of the drawing rooms are many casts, illustrating the 
classic orders and some of the best detail of Greek, Ro- 
man, Gothic, and Renaissance work. Of these the more 
important are architectural details from the Parthenon, the 
Erechtheion, and the Monument of Lysicrates at Athens ; 
the order of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli ; table stand 
from the house of Cornelius Rufus, Pompeii ; friezes from 
the Lateran Museum ; capitals from the church of St. 
Laumer at Blois and from the triforium of the cathedral 
of Laon ; and several pilasters and friezes of the early 
Italian Renaissance. 



62 

The trustees of the Rotch Travelling Scholarship have 
lent to the department a number of the envois of scholars, 
carefully and beautifully rendered measured drawings 
of important European buildings. The Erechtheion at 
Athens, the Theatre of Marcellus and the Temple of Con- 
cord at Rome, the Baptistery at Ravenna, the Ducal 
Palace at Venice, the Pazzi Chapel at Florence, the 
Ospedale del Ceppo at Pistoja, the Municipio at Brescia, 
the gardens of the villa Lante at Bagnaia, the villa of 
Pope Julius at Rome, the chateaux of Blois and Chenon- 
ceaux are among the buildings illustrated in this way. 
Examples of the work of advanced students at the Ecole 
des Beaux- Arts at Paris and of students in the department 
are also hung on the walls. 

The Carey Building, erected in 1890-91 at a cost 
of $38,000, was the gift of Henry Reginald Astor Carey. 
When, in 1898, athletic sports were transferred to the 
Soldiers' Field, this building was devoted to other uses 
of the University ; and the President and Fellows placed 
in the Athletic Building on the Soldiers' Field a tablet 
commemorating the gift of Mr. Carey. 

Walter Hastings Hall, the gift of Mr. Walter 
Hastings, of Boston, whose ancestors in direct line for 
three generations were alumni of the University, was 
built in 1888-90 at a cost of about $250,000. It con- 
tains 61 suites of rooms. 

The Jefferson Physical Laboratory. — In 1881 

Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston, of the Class of 
1850, gave $115,000 to the College for a new physical 




THE JEFFERSON PHYSICAL LABORATORY 




THE HEMENWAY GYMNASIUM 



63 

laboratory, on condition that $75,000 should be raised 
by subscription and the income appropriated to its sup- 
port. The building was finished in October, 1884, and 
was named the Jefferson Physical Laboratory. All the 
instruction in physics, by recitations, lectures, and ex- 
perimental work, to students of Harvard College, of the 
Lawrence Scientific School, and of the Graduate School, 
is given in this building, which accommodates the various 
physical cabinets. The building is 200 feet long and, 
including the basement, four stories high. In the eastern 
wing the whole height is divided between a large lecture- 
room below, capable of holding 400 students, and the 
great laboratory above. In the central and western 
portions of the building are three recitation rooms for 
sections of forty or less ; but the principal part of the 
central and western portions is broken up into a large 
number of small rooms, where professors, assistants, 
and advanced students can pursue their separate investi- 
gations, and be secured against intrusion, or any disturb- 
ance of their instruments. In the basement and the first 
story, stone tables, each supported by a pier whteh is 
separated by air spaces from the floors, furnish stable 
foundation for delicate instruments. Instruments, more- 
over, can be placed on the walls of a large rectangular 
tower standing on an independent foundation. This 
tower rises inside the building and is separated from the 
main walls of it by a large air space. It does not extend 
to the roof, and is therefore free from disturbances pro- 
duced by the movements inside the building and from 
possible vibrations resulting from gusts of wind. 

This tower constitutes a pier of large section nearly 60 
feet in height, and more or less stable positions for instru- 



64: 



merits can therefore be obtained on each story. It is de- 
signed for investigations which demand a great height, 
the different floors opening to each other by trap doors. 
Small openings have been left in the brick partitions 
which divide the length of the building ; by means of 
these a long path is available for experiments in which 
this arrangement may be necessary. In the western wing, 
iron nails and pipes, which would disturb delicate experi- 
ments in magnetism, were excluded in the construction of 
the building. All steam pipes here are made of brass, 
and copper nails are used in the flooring. In the bottom 
of the tower is a small underground room which maybe 
used for experiments requiring a constant temperature. 

A room is devoted to apparatus designed for the more 
accurate standard measurements. 

A comparator for the measurement and comparison of 
standards of length occupies a room in the basement of 
the building. 

The photographic room is on the fourth floor ; adjoin- 
ing this is a large room especially arranged for spectrum 
analysis. There are four principal laboratories. One of 
these, 60 feet square, is devoted to elementary laboratory 
instruction. The laboratories for instruction in static 
and steady current electricity and in optics are on the 
second and third floors. The laboratory for work in 
magnetism and alternating currents is in the basement. 
A machine room is supplied with power from the city 
circuit and contains a milling machine, a large machine 
lathe, a smaller lathe, and other mechanical appliances 
for the construction of apparatus. Power can also be 
obtained from a twenty-five-horse-power engine which is 
placed in a house outside the Laboratory. 



65 

Much space is devoted to a physical cabinet. Here 
is a frictional electric machine, ordered for the College 
by Benjamin Franklin, a large reflecting telescope, an 
astronomical quadrant and other apparatus used by John 
Winthrop, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural 
Philosophy from 1738 to 1779, and other pieces of appa- 
ratus which possess an historical interest. 

The most prominent feature, however, of the Jefferson 
Physical Laboratory is not its collection of apparatus, 
but its arrangement of space for scientific investiga- 
tion, and its plant for the construction of new appara- 
tus to meet the demands of the future. 

The Hemenway Gymnasium, built and equipped 
in 1878, was given by Augustus Hemenway, of Boston, 
of the Class of 1875. When, on account of the increased 
number of students in the University, the Gymnasium 
failed to meet completely the needs of the students, 
Mr. Hemenway, in 1895, made an extensive addition 
to the building, affording an increased floor area of 
15,000 square feet. The main hall on the first floor is 
equipped with light and heavy gymnastic apparatus and 
modern developing appliances. A gallery surrounding 
the hall is fitted as a running track. On the second floor 
is the trophy room, containing souvenirs of athletic con- 
tests, a rowing room, the Director's office, and rooms for 
measuring, photographing, etc. The staircase hall is 
hung with portraits of athletes. In the basement are 
bowling alleys, hand-ball courts, and rooms for fencing, 
sparring, wrestling, and other exercises. In the east end 
of the building are the locker, the bathing, and the dress- 
ing rooms, accommodating 2500 students. In the rear is 



66 

an area covered with asphalt. This is enclosed by a high 
fence, and affords facilities for practising hand-ball, and 
other gymnastic games and exercises. 

Conant Hall, built from funds bequeathed by Edwin 
Conant, of Worcester, of the Class of 1829, was erected 
in 1893-95 at a cost of about $109,000. It contains 45 
suites of rooms, and three single rooms. Mr. Conant 
also gave $5,000 to the Divinity School and $27,500 to 
the College Library. 

Perkins Hall, the gift of Mrs. Catharine P. Perkins, 
of Boston, was built in 1893-95 at a cost of about 
$160,000. It was erected in memory of three members 
of her husband's family, the Reverend Daniel Perkins, 
Richard Perkins, and William Foster Perkins, all alumni 
of the University. It contains 88 suites of rooms. 

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.* 

This establishment is commonly called the Agassiz 
Museum, and the latter title is hardly more than a just 
recognition of the share which Louis and Alexander 
Agassiz, father and son, have had in its upbuilding. 
Louis Agassiz, when he was first appointed to a profes- 
sorship in the University in 1847, began a collection of 
zoological specimens and soon made clear the need of a 
building for housing it. In 1858 Francis Calley Gray, 
of Boston, of the Class of 1809, left $50,000 for a 

* Proposed changes in the Museum may soon render the dia- 
grams accompanying this sketch somewhat incorrect ; but a special 
guide to the building is to be prepared. 




CON ANT HALL 





PERKINS HALL 



67 

Museum of Zoology, giving his nephew, William Gray, 
the option of bestowing the fund upon Harvard Uni- 
versity. He gave it to the University, and it was sup- 
plemented by $100,000 voted by the Legislature, and 
by $71,000 subscribed by private citizens of Boston. 
Mr. Henry Greenough, of Cambridge, and Mr. George 
Snell, of Boston, volunteered to make a plan for the 
museum building, and produced a design large enough 
to meet all demands for space for a long time. There 
was to be a main building parallel to Oxford Street with 
two wings extending towards Divinity Avenue. At first 
only about two-fifths of one of the wings was erected ; 
this was completed in 1860. Professor Agassiz himself 
dug the first spadeful of earth. In 1868 the Massachu- 
setts Legislature voted $25,000 a year for three years, on 
condition that as much more should be raised from pri- 
vate sources. This was done, and in 1871-72 the capa- 
city of the building was more than doubled. In 1877 
the north wing was completed ; and in 1880-82 the north- 
west corner of the main building, which now contains the 
library and the laboratories, was erected by Alexander 
Agassiz, of the Class of 1855, in memory of his father. 
A slate tablet in the hall bears this inscription : — 

LVDOVICI • 

AGASSIZ • 
PATRI • FILIUS • 

ALEXANDER • 
MD • CCC • LXXX - 

Louis Agassiz was curator of the Museum from 1862 
until his death in 1873. Alexander Agassiz entered the 
service of the Museum in 1860 and was curator from 1874 



68 

until he resigned in 1898, never accepting any salary while 
he held that office. Besides his devoted service, he has 
given vast sums of money to the institution. 

In 1888-89 the middle portion of the main building, 
devoted to the Departments of Botany and Mineralogy, 
was added, so that now only the southwestern corner and 
the western portion of the wing of which the Peabody 
Museum is a part are needed to complete the structure 
originally planned by Messrs. Greenough and Snell. 

The Museum is largely dependent for support on the 
Memorial Fund, part of which was raised by school chil- 
dren throughout the country, whose interest in natural 
history had been awakened by the labors of Agassiz. 

The University Museum comprehends the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology, the Botanical Museum, the Miner- 
alogical Museum, the Natural History Laboratories, and 
the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and 
Ethnology. 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology occupies the 
north wing of the quadrangle (60x200 feet). The 
Natural History Laboratories are in the northwest corner 
piece (95x75), and in the adjoining sections of the 
central part. 

The Botanical Museum occupies the central section 
together with one-third of the southern section. 

The Mineralogical Museum occupies a part of the 
southern section of the Oxford Street side of the building. 

The library of the Museum, which contains more than 
32,000 volumes, is on the second floor. It is intended 
for the use of instructors and students in the Department 
of Natural History. The reading room is open from 
9 a.m. till 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 




w 

CO 

H 

CO 

w 

H 



69 



The southwest corner will contain large lecture rooms 
and laboratories for the Department of Natural History, 
and its exhibition rooms will connect the Oxford Street 
side of the Museum with the Peabocly Museum, which, 
when completed, will form the south wing of the University 
Museum building. The Semitic Museum is for the present 
housed in the Peabody Museum. 

The entrances to the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
and the Peabody Museum are from Divinity Avenue. The 
Natural History Laboratories and the Botanical and Min- 
eralogical Museums are entered from Oxford Street. 

The location of the various collections of the Museum, 
of the laboratories, a brief description of which is ap- 
pended, and of the rooms of officers and instructors is 
indicated on the diagrams of the various floors which will 
be found in the succeeding pages. Heavy-faced type 
indicates that the room or the collection is open to the 
inspection of the public. The numbers on the diagrams 
are arbitrary and do not correspond with the numbers 
on the various rooms. Reference to the diagrams will, 
however, show the relative positions of the rooms. 

In general the Museums are open as follows : — 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Botanical 
Museum are open every week-day from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m., 
and on Sunday from 1 p.m till 5 p.m. 

The exhibition room of the Mineralogical Museum is 
open Wednesday and Sunday from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m., and 
Saturday from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m. 



70 



1. Alcoholic Mammals, Birds, and 

Mollusca. — Storage. 

2. Alcoholic Crustacea. — Storage. 

3. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage. 

4 Alcoholic Radiates. — Storage. 
la-lc. Alcoholic Worms. — Stor- 
age. 

5. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage. 

6. Alcohol room. 

7. Storage. 

7a. Glassware. — Storage. 



8. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage. 

9. Alcoholic Reptiles and Am- 

phibia. — Storage. 

10. Storage. 

11. Fishes, Reptiles, Amphibia. 

Assistants 



12. Workshop. 

13. Boilers. 

14. Aquarium. 

15. Vivarium. 

16. Coal. 

17. Geology.— 
17a. Geology. - 



- Janitor. 



Workshop. 
-Models. 




175. Photography. 

18-18a. Geology. — Workshops. 

19-20. Botanical storerooms. 

21. Nash Botanical Lecture 
Room. 

21a. Botanical Photographic 
Room. 

22. Botanical Diagram Room. 

23. Janitor's Room. 

24. Collection of Fossil Plants. 

25. 25a. Rooms for Mineral 
Analysis. 

26. Alcohol Room, 

27. Assay Laboratory. 



BASEMENT. 



71 



land3. Tertiary Collections. 6. Hall. 
2. Cretaceous and Jurassic 7. Office. 



Collections. 

4. Paleozoic Collections. 

5. Synoptic Collections. 



/ i 
— *— 

3 4 
5 6 



/o 



/3 



8-11. Fossil Invertebrates. — 
Storage. Assistant. 

12. Geological Lecture Room. 

13. Hall. 

14. Geological Lecture Room 

and Laboratory. 

15. Professor of Geology. 

17 Geological Lecture Room. 
19-20. Laboratory of Economic 

Botany. 
21. Nash Botanical Lecture 

Room. 
22, 23. Exhibition of 

Cryptogams. 

24. Mineralogical Lecture 

Room. 

25. Mineralogical Laboratory. 

26. " Library. 

27. " Laboratory. 



11 


& 


2b\ 


22Wi23 


15 


27 



FIRST FLOOR. 



72 



1-4. Entomology. Assistant. 

5. Special Collections. 

6. Hall. 

7. Office. 
8-12. Library. 

13. Hall. 




14. Library. 

15. Curator. 

16. Curator. 

17. Zoological Laboratory. 

18. Assistants in Department of 

Zoology. 

19. Laboratory of Vegetable 
Physiology. 

20. Laboratory of Vegetable 
Physiology. 

21 Laboratory of Elementary 
Botany. 

22. Library of Department of 
Botany. 

23. Men's Lavatory. 

24. Laboratory of Elementary 
Botany. 

25. Laboratory for Optical Min- 
eralogy. 

26. Room for Special Students 
of Vegetable Histology 
and Physiology. 

27 Professor's Room. 



SECOND FLOOR. 



73 



1. Fishes. — Systematic Col- 

lection. 

2. Mollusca. — Systematic 

Collection. 

3. Birds. — Systematic Collec- 

tion. 

4. Radiates. — Systematic 

Collection. 






lo 



it 



EI' 3 . 



5-7. Mammalia. — Systematic' 
Collection. 

8. South American Fauna. 

9. North American Fauna. 

10. Indo-Asiatic Fauna. 

11. African Fauna. 

12. Europo-Siberian Fauna. 

13. Hall. 

14. Atlantic Fauna, 

15. Pacific Fauna. 

17. Special Collections 

(Scott Collection of 
Birds). 

18. Special Collections. 

19. 20. Exhibition Boom of 

Economic Plants and 
Collection of Woods. 

21-23. Botanical Museum, in- 
cluding Blaschka Glass 
Models of Flowering 
Plants. 

24-27. Mineralogical Mu- 
seum. 



r 



.3 a i7 1 j ii 




THIRD FLOOR. 



'74 



1. Crustacea, Insects and 

Worms. — Systematic 
Collections. 

2. Mollusca. — Systematic 

Collections. 

3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 

— Systematic Collections. 

4. Echinoderms and Coe- 

lenterates. — Systematic 
Collections. 
5-7. Reptiles. — Systematic 
Collections. 



12. 
13. 
14. 

15. 

16. 



22. 
23. 




8 Australian, New Guinea 
and New Zealand 
Fauna. 

9. North American Fauna. 

10. Indo-Asiatic Fauna. 

11. African and Madagas- 

can Fauna. 

Zoological Laboratory. 

Hall. 

Zoological Laboratory and 
Lecture Room. 

Zoological Laboratory. 

Professor's Room, 
17-18. Physical Geography Labo- 
ratory and Lecture Room. 
19. Laboratory of Systematic 
Botany. 

Phanerogamic Herbarium and 
Work Room. 

Exhibition of Photo- 
graphs to illustrate 
Vegetation of the 
World. 

Professor's Room. 

Room of Assistant in Miner- 
alogy. 
24-27. Mineralogical Mu- 
seum and Collection 
of Meteorites. 



FOURTH FLOOR. 



75 



1 and 3. Fossil Vertebrates. — 
Mammals, Birds, Reptiles 
and Amphibia. 

2. Fossil Vertebrates. — Assistant 
in Vertebrate Paleontology. 

4. Fossil Vertebrates, — Fishes. 

5-7. Mammals and Birds. — Stor- 
age. 

8-10. Mammal Skeletons. — 
Storage. 

9-11. Mammal and Bird Skins. 
— Storage. 




12. Reptiles, Amphibia and Fishes. 

— Storage. 

13. Hall. 

14. Zoological Lecture Room and 

Laboratory. 

15. Radiates. — Storage. Assistant. 

16. Zoological Laboratory. 
17-18. Mollusca and Crustacea. — 

Storage. Assistant. 

19. Work Room of Assistant in 

Cryptogamic Herbarium. 

20. Cryptogamic Herbarium. 

21. Investigators' Rooms and 
Storeroom of Cryptogams. 

22. Room of Collection of New 
England Botanical Club. 

23. Professor's Room. 

24. Laboratory of Cryptogamic 
Botany and of Advanced 
Students in Cryptogamic 
Botany. 

Laboratory of Cryptogamic 

Botany. 
Professor's Room. 
27. Room of Assistants in Cryp- 
togamic Laboratory and 
Advanced Students. 



FIFTH FLOOR. 



76 

The Laboratory of Geology is on the first floor of the 
Museum. Here are collections of rocks and specimens 
illustrating dynamic geology, and additional appliances 
for teaching in the form of maps and models. The most 
noteworthy objects are the model of Etna by Deckert, 
after Baron von Waltershausen's map of that volcano, a 
model of the Dents du Midi, Tour Salli&res, and Mont 
Ruan, Canton Valais, Switzerland, geologically colored 
after directions by Heim and Friih, and a case of the 
type specimens described in the writings of officers and 
students of the Department of Geology. 

The Laboratory of Experimental Geology occupies two 
rooms in the basement of the Museum. Most of the 
apparatus now in stock is the product of experimental 
research by advanced students. Apparatus is provided 
to imitate the deformation of the stratified rocks, the 
action of springs and geysers, the deposition of deltas, 
the formation of ripplemark, the crystallization of vol- 
canic rocks, the motion of ice, intrusion of volcanic 
lavas, and erosion of the structures resulting from 
deformation or intrusion. The large compression chest 
of oak, with opposed thrust pistons, indices, and a 
movable bottom, is used for deforming under pressure 
wax models cast to imitate various possible conditions 
of stratification. The gas blast furnace is used for 
synthetic experiments, and is provided with an auto- 
matic self-extinguishing appliance for safety against 
accidents by fire. Projection lanterns, with devices for 
vertical as well as horizontal projection, are used in com- 
bination with glass tanks of different shapes, to show 
the action of currents in transporting and depositing 
sediment. 



77 

Mineralogical Museum and Laboratories of 
Mineralogy and Petrography. — The Minera- 
logical section of the University Museum, built in 1891 
with a fund of $50,000 raised by subscription, occupies 
the southern end of the Museum. The exhibition rooms, 
which are open Wednesday and Sunday, 1 to 5 p.m., and 
Saturday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., occupy the whole of the third 
and fourth floors ; the laboratories occupy the first floor 
and the west half of the basement and second floors. 

History of the Mineralogical Collection. — In 1793 the 
foundation of the present collection was laid by the gift 
from Dr. Lettsom, a London physician, of " a very valu- 
able and extensive collection of minerals," to which he 
subsequently made additions. The Corporation provided 
a cabinet and appointed Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse keeper 
of the collection. In 1795 M. Mozard, consul in Boston 
of the French Republic, acting under a resolution of the 
committee of public safety of the National Convention of 
France, presented two hundred specimens " as samples of 
the riches of the French soil," and solicited an interchange 
of specimens between the University and the u agency of 
the mines of the Republic." 

No important additions were made until 1820, when 
Dr. Andrew Ritchie purchased and presented the collec- 
tion of C. A. Blocle, a mineralogist and chemist of 
Dresden, to which were added some thousand specimens 
purchased in 1824 by a subscription from several Boston 
gentlemen, and the collection was then arranged by Dr. 
J. W. Webster and exhibited in the second story of 
Harvard Hall, where it remained for thirty-three years. 
It increased slowly, and about 1840 contained 26,000 
specimens, including rocks and other miscellaneous 



78 

material. It owes its present value, both in quality 
and size, to the late Josiah P. Cooke, Erving Professor 
of Chemistry and Mineralogy from 1850 to 1894, a 
marble medallion of whom is placed in the Museum. 
.Professor Cooke for nearly half a century gave his 
affectionate care to the collection. Starting with what 
was worth preserving of the old collection, he gradually 
acquired new or better material by purchase, donations, 
or exchange, while several large single additions were 
made from time to time. On the completion of Boylston 
Hall in 1858 the mineral cabinet was placed there and it 
remained there until the erection of the present minera- 
logical museum. 

The collections open to the public are situated on the 
main floor and gallery. Here in the flat cases the 
systematic collection of minerals is arranged in the 
numerical order of the cases according to Dana's Sys- 
tem of Mineralogy (6th Ed.), while large plans, hung 
on both floors, give the contents of each case. The 
larger specimens are placed in the wall-cases. 

Only a few features of the systematic collection can be 
mentioned, such as the gold and silver case, the crystal- 
lized orpiment and other sulphides, and in the adjacent 
wall-cases the superb colored fluorites, stibnites, sulphur, 
etc. Many fine specimens of alpine minerals (from the 
Liebener collection) will be found among the silicates and 
elsewhere, such as adularia, epidotes, titanite, apatite. 
The crystallized calcites from Lake Superior are note- 
worthy, and the great crystals and groups of quartz and 
its varieties in the wall-cases. Along the west wall a 
case contains a collection of natural crystals to illustrate 
crystallography. In the gallery the first rows of flat 



79 

cases seen on entering contain a synoptic collection 
illustrating the general properties of minerals, including 
optical properties, cleavage, genesis, etc. The adjacent 
wall-cases contain large specimens of the systematic col- 
lection, including the sulphates and hydrous silicates. 
The remaining flat cases contain the Bigelow Collection 
of Agates (about 450 specimens, mostly cut and polished, 
including thirty large thin sections) collected by Dr. 
Henry J. Bigelow and Dr. W. S. Bigelow, and illustrat- 
ing the internal structure and process of growth ; and 
the meteorites, which are arranged as far as possible in 
chronological order by date of fall and represent 255 
separate falls. The cases against the south wall contain 
large specimens of the carbonates and sulphates, especi- 
ally calcite and gypsum. Along the west edge of the 
gallery two cases contain the Hamlin collection of tour- 
malines, the largest in existence, from the famous locality 
at Mt. Mica, Paris, Maine, and a collection of gem 
minerals, including the well-known yellow diamond octa- 
hedron (85| carats), precious opals, a large aquamarine 
and yellow beryl, tourmalines (many cut and mounted) , 
a large hiddenite crystal, topaz, etc. The total number 
of mineral specimens in the exhibition rooms, exclusive 
of the meteorites, is about ten thousand, while those 
worth enumerating in the teaching and other collections 
bring the total up to twenty-three thousand. 

The Laboratories of Mineralogy and Petrography in- 
clude, in the basement, a chemical laboratory for mineral 
analysis and workshop for preparing thin sections of 
rocks and minerals. The first floor contains the lecture 
room ; the laboratory for determinative mineralogy ; one 
smaller room used as the department library, with the 



80 

principal periodicals, and another used for Radcliffe 
students in mineralogy. Many thousand specimens of 
rocks with thin sections are kept on this floor. The next 
floor has the advanced laboratory, equipped with geni- 
ometers and optical apparatus. 

The Laboratory of Palaeontology contains the collec- 
tions, diagrams, and a few of the more important refer- 
ence books required by students. The collection used 
in teaching general palaeontology is arranged system- 
atically, and the collection used in teaching historical 
geology is arranged stratigraphically. They are con- 
tained in trays in table or wall-cases. The whole is 
freely accessible to students. Besides collections in the 
laboratory, students can consult the fossils on exhibi- 
tion in the Museum, where they are arranged either in 
the systematic series or in rooms especially devoted to 
palaeontology. 

The Laboratories of Geography, on the fourth floor of 
the University Museum, are devoted to the needs of the 
various classes in physical geography and meteorology, 
with special reference to laboratory exercises. The equip- 
ment of the laboratories has been planned with a view to 
furnishing material for individual study in geography, 
comparable to that afforded in zoology and botany in 
the other laboratories of the Museum. It includes a 
variety of maps, charts, models, diagrams, photographs, 
and lantern slides. Special mention may be made of the 
collection of large-scale grouped map-sheets, illustrating 
districts of peculiar interest in this country and abroad. 
These are supplemented by a collection of the topo- 
graphical maps of the United States governmental sur- 
veys and of nearly all the European surveys, in the 



81 

College Library. The collection of models includes four 
of type forms by Heim, Pomba's Italy on a true curved 
surface, the Upper Moselle by the Geographical Service 
of the French Army, Southern New England by Howell, 
the Gulf of Mexico by the United States Hydrographic 
Office, as well as a series known as the "Harvard Geo- 
graphical Models," designed with special reference to 
systematic instruction in secondary schools. 

The material for instruction in meteorology and clima- 
tology includes a full set of weather maps from the United 
States Signal Service and Weather Bureau, pilot charts 
of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans from the 
United States Hydrographic Office, as well as a large 
number of meteorological charts and diagrams from 
different sources, and a number of official British, Ger- 
man, and French publications. The Laboratory Library 
contains about 500 volumes. There is also an extensive 
collection of climatological reports from all parts of the 
world in the library of the Astronomical Observatory. 

Laboratories of Zoology. — The laboratories and lecture 
rooms of the Department of Zoology are in the northwest 
corner of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and may 
be reached from the steps in the northwest corner of 
the Museum quadrangle, off Divinity Avenue, or from the 
north entrance to the Museum on Oxford Street. The 
present quarters were first occupied in 1885. On 
the fifth floor is a lecture room which is also used for 
elementary laboratory exercises. The walls are decorated 
with busts and portraits of distinguished zoologists. On 
this floor there is also a small laboratory, furnished 
with modern apparatus and a reference library, for the 
use of students in Radcliffe College. On the fourth floor 



are three laboratories, two of which are also used as lecture 
rooms, and the private room of the Hersey Professor of 
Anatomy. In the corner room the courses on the mor- 
phology of invertebrates and on the comparative anatomy 
of vertebrates are given. Here are lodged the osteologi- 
cal and other anatomical preparations for use in lectures 
on vertebrates, a large proportion of the 1700 diagrams, 
and a portion of the microscopes and the reference books 
belonging to the department. The Zoological Club usually 
meets in this room. The adjacent room (2) is used by 
students in courses on microscopical anatomy and tech- 
nique and on embryology. In cases in this room is stored 
much of the apparatus, such as microscopes, microtomes, 
incubators, wax plate and modelling apparatus, wax 
models (the work of students), projection apparatus, 
cameras, etc. This room, as well as most of the other 
laboratories, is provided with a water bath for imbedding 
in paraffin. 

Room 4 on this floor accommodates a portion of the 
students engaged in research, and most of the chemicals 
are stored there. A map of the vicinity of Cambridge, 
minutely ruled, together with a card catalogue of New 
England localities in which particular animals are to be 
found, aids the student in familiarizing himself with 
the surrounding fauna, both land and marine, and in 
securing the material necessary for his investigations. 
Room 6 on the second floor is used by the instructors 
in the department as a private work room. 

The instruction in palaeozoology is given in the 
laboratory of the Department of Geology on the first 
floor (Room 2) which is supplied with material for class 
work and with numerous charts, diagrams, and models. 



83 



The zoological collections of the Museum are close at 
hand and readily consulted in the exhibition rooms. 

In the basement are two large rooms, one of which is 
partially fitted as an aquarium. Experimental work has 
been done there. The other is to be equipped as a 
vivarium. 

Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanerogamic, and Eco- 
nomic Botany. — The Department of Botany of the Uni- 
versity occupies the rooms in the basement, the central part, 
and the adjoining southwest wing of the Museum, except 
the rooms devoted to mineralogy and petrography. In 
the basement are storerooms and rooms for photography. 
On the first floor are the Nash Botanical Lecture Koom, 
built with the gift of Nathaniel Cushing Nash, of the 
Class of 1884, in memory of his father; the laboratory of 
economic botany ; and the exhibition cases of cryptogams. 
On the second floor, Koom 10 contains the departmental 
library; Rooms 11 and 11a are the laboratories of vege- 
table physiology and histology; Rooms 12 and 13 are 
laboratories for elementary work ; in addition to these is 
a special room assigned to advanced students of physio- 
logical botany. On the third floor and the gallery con- 
nected with it are the halls devoted to the botanical 
museum. Here are the Blaschka glass models of flowers, 
given by Mrs. Charles Eliot Ware and her daughter, 
Miss Mary Ware, in memory of Charles Eliot Ware, of 
the Class of 1834. On the fourth floor, Room 19 is the 
private room of the Fisher Professor of Natural History ; 
in Room 20 is a working collection of native and exotic 
phanerogams ; Rooms 20a and 21a are used by students 
of systematic and economic botany. The rooms on the 
fifth floor are devoted to cryptogamic botany : Room 25 



84 

is used temporarily for the collection of the New England 
Botanical Club ; Rooms 26 and 26a contain the Crypto- 
gamic Herbarium of the University, which includes col- 
lections of algae, fungi, and lichens ; Room 27, is devoted 
to the use of special workers ; Rooms 29 and 29a are 
laboratories for students of cryptogamic botany, the 
latter for advanced students ; Room 29b is the laboratory 
of the assistants in cryptogamic botany; Room 29c is 
the private laboratory of the Assistant Professor of Cryp- 
togamic Botany ; Room 30 is the private laboratory of the 
Professor of Cryptogamic Botany. 

The Peabody Museum was founded by George 
Peabody, a native of Massachusetts, who, in 1866, gave 
$150,000 for the foundation of a museum and a professor- 
ship of American archaeology and ethnology in connection 
with Harvard University. Mr. Peabody placed the fund 
in the charge of a board of trustees of which Robert 
Charles Winthrop, of the Class of 1828, was chairman 
until his death in 1894. The first curator of the Museum 
was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class of 1833. At his death, 
in 1874, Frederic Ward Putnam was appointed his suc- 
cessor, and in 1886 was made Peabody Professor of 
American Archaeology and Ethnology. On January 1, 
1897, the Trustees of the Museum transferred the property 
to the President and Fellows of Harvard College. 

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundation 
in this country for special research relating to the early 
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then, how- 
ever, the Museum has been enriched from time to time 
by contributions of money and of specimens, and four 
permanent endowments have been made. 



85 

The arrangement of the collections is intended to 
facilitate research in general anthropology, with special 
reference to American and comparative archaeology and 
ethnology. Here are kept material secured by explora- 
tions carried on by the curators, or under their direction, 
in various parts of America, and collections from nearly 
all parts of the world obtained by gift, purchase, and 
exchange. 

The building, 100 feet long and 5 stories high, is one 
half of the contemplated structure which will form the 
south wing of the University Museum. The entrance is 
on Divinity Avenue. 

In the room on the left of the entrance hall is the 
general office and Anthropological Library. The library 
contains about 2000 volumes and 2500 pamphlets on 
all branches of anthropology. The publications of the 
Museum are annual reports, special papers, and me- 
moirs, which are on sale at the office. At the end of 
the entrance hall is the lecture-room, with a seating 
capacity of 300. In cases around this hall are arranged 
the collections illustrating the life and customs of several 
tribes of North American Indians. The gallery above is 
temporarily given over to the Semitic Museum of the Uni- 
versity. On the fifth floor is the students' laboratory and 
lecture room. On this floor, in the central hall and south 
room, is the osteological collection, used in the compara- 
tive study of human crania and skeletons. The other 
exhibition rooms are devoted to archaeological and eth- 
nological material from America and other parts of the 
world, arranged geographically. 

The Museum is in charge of the Curator and is open to 
the public, under proper restrictions, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 



86 

throughout the year, Sundays and holidays excepted. A 
special Guide to the museum may be obtained at the office. 

The Semitic Museum occupies with its collections 
a gallery on the second floor of the Peabody Museum. 
These have been purchased with gifts of many friends, 
but chiefly with a gift of $10,000 made by Jacob H. 
Schiff, Esq., in 1889. Other friends have given individual 
objects or small collections of objects. The Harvard 
Divinity School has placed on deposit here a collec- 
tion of Babylonian clay tablets, the gift of the Honor- 
able Stephen Salisbury. The Divinity School has also 
placed on deposit here a collection of Palestinean objects, 
gathered by the Reverend Selah Merrill while he was con- 
sul at Jerusalem, and purchased for the School by the 
contributions of many friends. The Museum was formally 
opened on May 13, 1891. 

The objects already acquired are originals and repro- 
ductions. Of the former may be mentioned, from Babylon 
and Assyria, stone seal cylinders, and inscriptions on 
stone and on clay ; from Phoenicia, glass vases, dishes, 
and bowls found in the tombs ; from Palestine, the Merrill 
collection of birds, animals, plants, seeds, glass, coins, 
geological specimens, and numerous articles illustrating 
modern peasant and Bedouin life ; from Egypt, a col- 
lection of mortuary Moslem inscriptions in the Cufic 
character, some of them about 1000 years old ; from 
various Semitic lands, many manuscripts, Arabic, 
Hebrew, and Aramaic. 

The reproductions are largely plaster casts of important 
Assyrian and Babylonian monuments in the museums of 
London, Paris, and Berlin. These casts are from bas- 



87 



reliefs, statues, obelisks, winged lions, clay tablets, seals, 
building bricks, commercial weights in the shape of lions 
and ducks, and numerous other small objects. There are 
also casts of Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, of a 
Phoenician sarcophagus, of Persian archers and inscrip- 
tions, of Hittite hunting scenes and inscriptions, and of 
the Moabite stone recording the revolt of Mesha from 
the Hebrews. There are likewise many photographs of 
Semitic buildings and natural scenery, especially from 
Damascus, Palestine, and Spain. 

An effort is being made to raise a sufficient sum to 
house the Semitic Museum and the Semitic Library in a 
separate building, in which the instruction offered by the 
Semitic Department would be given. 



THE BOTANIC GARDEN. 

This garden, situated at the corner of Garden and 
Linnaean Streets, Cambridge, was established at the 
beginning of the century by a few gentlemen who en- 
dowed a professorship of Natural History. The com- 
mittee in charge of the enterprise selected as the first 
incumbent of the chair William Dandridge Peck, of the 
Class of 1782, and, distinctly understanding that special 
prominence should be given to Botany, despatched him 
to Europe to examine botanic gardens in England and on 
the continent, while they secured a plot of land for a 
garden here. In 1807 Professor Peck laid out a por- 
tion of the seven acres at the corner of what are now 
known as Garden and Linnaean Streets, following as a 
model the formal lines of the smaller establishments in 



88 

England. This arrangement has not since been essentially 
changed in any manner. After Professor Peck's death 
the garden passed under the charge of Thomas Nuttall, 
and later of Thaddeus William Harris, as curators, the 
funds having dwindled so that it was no longer possible 
to assign the income to a full professorship. About 
1842 the income of a newly established professorship, 
endowed by Joshua Fisher, of the Class of 1766, 
became available, and to this new chair Dr. Asa Gray 
was invited. The amount at Dr. Gray's disposal for the 
maintenance of the garden was inadequate, but it was 
supplemented by the expenditure of untiring energy. 
The garden was soon enriched by large numbers of native 
and foreign plants, and shortly became the recipient of the 
newer treasures coming from the West and the Southwest. 
Dr. Gray was wont to place in nooks not easily accessible 
to the public the rarer plants which have since become 
the common property of horticulture, and in this way he 
introduced some of the choicest novelties. 

In 1872, the garden was placed under the charge of 
Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, of the Class of 1862, 
now Director of the Arnold Arboretum. The distribution 
of species was changed, and many improvements which 
the poverty of the garden had hitherto forbidden were 
successfully introduced. The garden has been under the 
charge of the present director, Professor George Lincoln 
Goodale, of the Class of 1863, Medical School, since 
1886. 

For inspection the garden may be conveniently divided 
into the area below the terrace and that on the upper 
level. Below the terrace the natural orders of flowering 
plants and the genera of ferns and their allies are arranged 



89 



in formal beds, which are so disposed as to exhibit many 
of the affinites of the families. 

In various places below the terrace are special beds 
devoted to groups of plants of particular interest. Among 
these are plants mentioned by Shakspeare and by Virgil. 
One long bed contains a large number of the species 
described by Parkinson as cultivated for decorative pur- 
poses at the beginning of the seventeenth century ; these 
may fairly be said to represent the old-fashioned plants 
grown in ' ' pleasure gardens " at the time the University 
was founded. Two groups which possess more than 
ordinary attractions for the casual visitor, the Austra- 
lasian species and the desert plants, are near the Linnaean 
Street border. 

On the upper level are the large plots assigned to select 
North American species. Near these are the cultivated 
forms of the rarer vegetables grown for the study of 
variation. 

The greenhouses are of the common composite type. 
Beginning on the left and passing towards the east are 
successively the succulents, the Australian, the Mexican 
and fern houses, the palm house and its attached hot 
house, filled with exotics demanding great heat. Behind 
this range is a long range largely devoted to economic 
plants and to plants under the hands of experimenters. 
This range has a laboratory at its extreme western end. 

The Botanical Laboratories of the University are dis- 
tributed as follows : — At the Botanic Garden are the 
Gray Herbarium and the Botanical Library, and the 
Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology. In the University 
Museum are the Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanero- 
gamic, and Economic Botany. 



90 

The Gray Herbarium is situated in the Botanic 
Garden. The collection, founded and largely developed by 
the late Professor Asa Gray, was given by him to the Uni- 
versity in 1864. At that time the fire-proof brick building 
which it now occupies was built for the Herbarium through 
the liberality of Nathaniel Thayer. The collection, being 
the result of more than sixty years of continuous and 
carefully directed growth, contains about 300,000 sheets of 
mounted specimens, representing all groups of flowering 
plants, ferns, and fern-allies. The fungi, lichens, algae, 
mosses, and hepatics have now been wholly transferred 
to the Cryptogamic Herbarium in the Botanical Division 
of the University Museum. Among the many additions 
which have been made to the original collection of 
Professor Gray since it was given to the University, the 
following have been the most important : the herbaria of 
Jacques Gay, G. Curling Joad, and John Ball, all rich in 
Old World types ; the herbarium of Dr. George Thurber, 
especially rich in critically identified grasses ; the general 
herbarium of William Boott, notable for its excellent 
representation of the difficult genus Car ex; the Com- 
positae from the herbarium of Dr. F. W. Klatt, specialist 
in that order. The Herbarium is rich in standard 
and rare phanerogamic exsiccati, in type specimens of 
new species and varieties, and in the possession of 
the greater part of the plants which have been critically 
examined in the preparation of the " Synoptical Flora of 
North America." It also contains the largest set of the 
valuable collections secured by Cyrus G. Pringle during 
more than thirteen seasons of field work in Mexico. 

The Library of the Herbarium. — Together with his 
herbarium, Professor Gray gave to Harvard University 



91 



in 1864 his extensive collection of botanical books. This 
nucleus of the library was soon increased by some rare 
and valuable floras, contributed by John A. Lowell. 
Augmented also by lesser gifts and by purchases, the 
library now contains more than 12,000 carefully selected 
volumes and pamphlets. By the gift of Mrs. Gray it 
has recently received Dr. Gray's large collection of auto- 
graph letters of noted botanists. These manuscripts 
number more than 1100, and many are accompanied 
by portrait engravings. In the rooms of the Herba- 
rium and its Library are many other portraits of illus- 
trious botanists, including the bronze relief of Dr. Gray 
by Augustus St. Gaudens. 

The Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology occupies the 
brick building extending eastward from the Herbarium. 
The building also contains a lecture room with a seating 
capacity of TOO. This laboratory has recently been 
supplemented by a larger laboratory on the plateau in 
the rear. 

THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. 

The Astronomical Observatory, situated between Con- 
cord Avenue and Garden Street, Bond Street and Madison 
Street, Cambridge, opposite the Botanic Garden, was 
established in 1843. The annual income, used exclusively 
for research, is about $50,000, and is mainly derived from 
a permanent endowment of $830,000. Twenty-one men 
and nineteen women are employed. The investigations 
so far completed fill nearly 40 quarto volumes of an- 
nals. Discoveries made here are promptly announced 
by means of circulars which are issued, on an average, 



92 

once a month. This Observatory, and that at Kiel, Ger- 
many, have been selected by international agreement as 
centres for the prompt distribution of astronomical dis- 
coveries. Discoveries are telegraphed to one of these 
centres, cabled from there to the other centre, and at 
once transmitted to the principal observatories and 
newspapers of Europe and America. The Library of 
the Observatory contains about 9000 astronomical and 
meteorological volumes, and about 13,000 pamphlets. 

The principal objects of interest in the main building 
of the Observatory are the 15-inch equatorial telescope 
and attached photometers, the 8-inch meridian circle, 
the meridian photometer, the astronomical and meteoro- 
logical libraries, and the clock vaults. On the grounds are 
the buildings containing the 11-inch Draper telescope, with 
apparatus for removing and replacing the large objective 
prisms, the apparatus for photographing variable stars and 
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, and the pole star recorder 
for measuring the cloudiness at night ; the 15-inch Draper 
reflector for determining the exact position of the pole, 
and constants of precession, aberration, and nutation ; 
the 8-inch Draper doublet ; the 6-inch doublet for photo- 
graphing large portions of the sky ; the 12-inch horizontal 
telescope with photometer for measuring stars as faint 
as the thirteenth magnitude ; the transit photometer for 
photographing, every clear night, all stars brighter than 
the sixth magnitude between the north pole and declina- 
tion — 30°, crossing the meridian after dark. The labor- 
atory contains various electrical and mechanical devices, 
a commutator for controlling various telescopes, time 
signals for occultations, apparatus for enlargements, 
for standard lights, and for converting prismatic into 




o 

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> 

W 

O 

< 
V 

o 
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93 

normal spectra. The brick building contains nearly 
100,000 photographs, some of which were taken in 
Cambridge, and some at the southern station of the 
Observatory in Peru. Charts and spectra of all the 
stars from the north to the south pole are represented 
on these photographs for many different nights, thus 
furnishing a complete history of the sky during the last 
ten years. 

Besides the station at Cambridge, the Observatory 
maintains an important station near Arequipa, Peru, 
where the southern stars are studied in the same way 
that the northern stars are studied in Cambridge. Every 
important investigation is thus rendered complete from 
pole to pole. The elevation of the Arequipa Station is 
8060 feet, and it was selected on account of its excep- 
tionally favorable atmospheric conditions. A series of 
meteorological stations, crossing the Andes, is also main- 
tained, the most important being that on El Misti at an 
elevation of 19,200 feet. The other stations are Mejia 
(elevation 100), La Joya (4150), Arequipa (8060), 
Alto de la Huesos (13,300), Mt. Blanc Station on El 
Misti (15,600), Cuzco (11,000), and Echarati (3000). 

In 1885 a meteorological observatory was established 
on Blue Hill, 12 miles south of Cambridge, by Abbott 
Lawrence Rotch, and is maintained there at his expense. 
To avoid duplication of work, a plan of cooperation pro- 
vides for the ultimate union of the two institutions, and 
the observations made on Blue Hill are published in the 
Annals of the Harvard Observatory. Later, Blue Hill 
was taken by the Metropolitan Park Commissioners for a 
public park, but the land on which the Observatory is 
built has been leased for 99 years to the President and 



94 

Fellows of Harvard College. This will enable the work 
of the Observatory to continue under invariable conditions 
of exposure. The first detailed measures of cloud heights 
and velocities made in this country were obtained at Blue 
Hill in 1890. For the exploration of the upper air, kites 
of various designs have been employed since 1894 ; in 
this way self-recording instruments have been carried to 
heights exceeding two miles. 



THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. 

History. — The nucleus of the College Library was 
the little collection of 260 volumes bequeathed by John 
Harvard in 1638. The Puritan scholar's library was 
naturally strongest in the theological and polemical works 
of the day, but it had a good number of classics, Aesop, 
Cicero, Epictetus, Juvenal, Horace, Isocrates, Lucan, 
Pliny, Plutarch, Plautus, Terence, and others, and some 
modern works of literature and history, such as Bacon's 
" Advancement " Essays, Chapman's Homer, Quarles's 
Poems, Camden's Remains. Of all these, however, there 
now remains but one volume, Downame's Christian War- 
fare ; the rest were destroyed in the fire of 1764. 

The history of the library from that day to this is a 
record of generous gifts, great and small, from lovers of 
learning in this country and in England. Harvard's 
bequest stirred the magistrates of the Colony to contri- 
bute books to the value of £200. Peter Bulkley, the min- 
ister settled in Concord, early gave 37 volumes; Gov- 
ernor Winthrop gave 40 volumes ; Sir Kenelm Digby, in 
1658, Catholic and Royalist though he was, sent over 29 



95 

volumes, probably out of friendship for Winthrop. During 
the first eighteen years of the College £150 was received 
from "divers gentlemen and merchants in England." 
The Reverend Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, dying in 1661, 
left all his Latin books and some English ones to the 
College. In 1675 Dr. John Lightfoot, an English divine, 
eminent for his Rabbinical learning, bequeathed his collec- 
tion of Oriental literature ; and in 1678, Theophilus Gale, 
philologist, philosopher, and theologian, by the bequest 
of his library, more than doubled the collections already 
brought together. In 1682 Sergeant Maynard sent eight 
chests of books valued at £400. Beginning in 1719 
Thomas Hollis, his two brothers John and Nathaniel, the 
son and grandson of Nathaniel, both named Thomas, and 
Thomas Brand Hollis, whom the last Thomas Hollis made 
his heir, in succession devoted to the College an unremit- 
ting interest and generosity, which showed itself in the 
establishment of professorships and scholarships, in con- 
stant gifts of books for the library and of philosophical 
apparatus for scientific work, and ended only with the 
death of the last named in 1804. The elder Hollis, a 
strict Baptist but liberal minded, was pleased with the 
4 ' free and catholic spirit of the Seminary " and during 
the last ten years of his life was constant in its service 
and constantly stirring the interest and appealing to the 
generosity of others. At the same time he did not hesi- 
tate to criticise the management of the library. He 
writes : "You want seats to sit and read, and chains to 
your valuable books like our Bodleian Library, or Zion 
College, in London. . . . You let your books be taken 
at pleasure, to men's houses, and many are lost ; your 
(boyish) students take them to their chambers, and tear 



96 

out pictures and maps to adorn their walls. Such things 
are not good." He also criticised the President and 
Fellows for preferring to have Bayle's Dictionary and 
other works in English rather than in French : ' ' Our 
students, in London, who sincerely endeavor after knowl- 
edge, easily attain to read French," he writes. The last 
Thomas Hollis showed his interest in the College by 
donations of books before the fire of 1764, and after the 
fire immediately subscribed £200 for the purchase of 
books ; furthermore, in the course of the next six years, 
he sent hither 41 cases of books, and at his death, in 
1774, left a bequest of £500. 

When Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, the library 
was destroyed. This collection, amounting to about 5000 
volumes, was by far the most valuable in the country, 
and its loss was regarded as a public calamity. But so 
great was the general sense, both here and in England, 
of the importance of replacing it, so strenuous were the 
efforts of the Committees appointed by the Corporation 
and the Overseers, and so lively the interest of others on 
all sides, that the library soon surpassed its former size, 
and by 1790 it had increased to about 12,000 volumes. 
The long roll of donors for 1764 is printed in Quincy's 
History (ii. 485). Besides the gifts of Thomas Hollis, 
there were gifts from Governor Bernard (10 guineas and 
more than 300 volumes), from John Hancock (£554), 
from the province of New Hampshire (£300), from the 
Archbishops of Canterbury and York, from George 
Whitefield, who also by his influence procured large 
numbers of books from others in England, and from the 
various societies for propagating the Gospel and promot- 
ing Christian knowledge. 



97 

In June, 1775, when Cambridge was occupied by the 
Continental troops the library was removed to Andover, 
and in November of the same year a part of it was taken 
to Concord whither the College had been transferred. 
The students and the faculty returned to Cambridge in 
June, 1776, but it was not till May, 1778, that the books 
were restored to Harvard Hall. Here the library remained 
till the erection of Gore Hall in 1838, to which the Presi- 
dent and Fellows devoted a part of the bequest received 
from Governor Christopher Gore in 1829. It was sup- 
posed that this building would serve the needs of the 
library for the remainder of the century ; but in 1877 
enlargment was necessary, and the new east wing was 
built at an expense of $90,000. Twenty years later the 
collection had again outgrown its quarters and the reading 
room was no longer sufficient for the greatly increased 
number of students that used it. The President and 
Fellows met the immediate need by remodelling old Gore 
Hall. In the lower half of the building a three-story 
stack, estimated to hold over 200,000 volumes, in place 
of the 80,000 shelved there before, was built; the upper 
half was made into a reading room with seats for 218 
readers. This room is regarded simply as a temporary 
expedient; when a new reading room can be built this 
will be converted into a stack like the floors below it.* 

* For references to the printed and manuscript sources for the 
history of the College Library see "The Librarians of Harvard 
College" by A. C. Potter and C. K. Bolton, published as No. #2 of 
the Bibliographical Contributions of the Library. The list of John 
Harvard's books and of other early gifts is printed in Mr. Andrew 
McF. Davis's "Few notes concerning the records of Harvard Col- 
lege," Bibl. Contrib. No. 27. 



98 

Present Administration. — United in administration 
with the College Library in Gore Hall, and together with 
it forming the University Library, are 11 departmental 
libraries and 23 smaller class room and laboratory libra- 
ries. The extent of the several collections in October, 
1898, was as follows : — 

Gore Hall (the College Library) 365,800 

Lawrence Scientific School 5,100 

Bussey Institution (Jamaica Plain) 3,700 

Phillips Library (Observatory) 9,000 

Herbarium Library (Botanic Garden) 7,400 

Law School 44,400 

Divinity School 28,700 

Medical School (Boston) 2,200 

Museum of Comparative Zoology 32,000 

Peabody Museum 2,000 

Arnold Arboretum 6,100 

Seven laboratory and sixteen class-room libraries 18,300 

524,700 

From 15,000 to 18,000 volumes are ordinarily added 
to the whole collection by gift and purchase each year. 

The annual income of the College Library for the 
purchase of books is about $16,000; the expenses of 
administration are about $43,000. 

The College Library in Gore Hall is open, during term 
time, every week-day (except holidays) from 9 a.m. to 
10 p.m., and on Sundays from 1 to 5.30 p.m. During 
the summer vacation the Library closes at 5.30 p.m. (at 
1 o'clock on Saturdays) and is not open on Sundays. 
The ^College Library is for the use of the whole Univer- 
sity, and books may be borrowed by students (three 
volumes at a time), and by instructors and other officers. 
All other persons are free to consult books in the library, 




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and under certain conditions receive permission to borrow. 
Professors from other colleges are always welcome. Books 
are also lent to other libraries when they can be spared 
without injury to work going on in Cambridge. 

Officers of the University have direct access to the 
shelves in all parts of the library, and students engaged 
in advanced work are allowed access to those parts of 
the collection with which they are occupied. All stu- 
dents have the direct use of about 19,000 volumes in the 
reading room and the adjoining rooms. 

The Books of the Library. — No complete statement 
of the strength of the library in different departments 
is given here : mention is made of the chief special fields 
in which the library is strong as a result of notable 
gifts or collections received. 

The collection relating to American history, biography, 
genealogy, and geography numbers about 28,000 volumes, 
of which nearly 18,000 relate to the United States. The 
basis of the collection was the libraries formed by Pro- 
fessor Ebeling and David B. Warden, the former the gift 
of Colonel Israel Thorndike, of Boston, in 1818, and the 
latter presented by Samuel Atkins Eliot, of the Class of 
1817, in 1823. (Nar. and Crit. Hist. America, vol. i. 
p. iii.) Both collections are rich in early publications, 
and, although no attempt is made to buy such of the 
very rare and costly books as are lacking, pains are taken 
constantly to strengthen the library in this department. 

The collection of books and tracts illustrating the rise 
and growth of American slavery numbers 990 volumes, 
as bound, much the larger part being volumes made up 
of many pamphlets bound together. The collection is 
largely the result of the assiduity of Charles Sumner, of 



100 



the Class of 1830, and of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 
of the Class of 1841. 

In 1894 the private library of Francis Parkman, of 
the Class of 1844, was received by bequest ; this includes 
about 2500 volumes, 2000 pamphlets, and 100 maps. 
That portion of them which relates to Mr. Parkman' s 
special studies — early American explorations, Colonial 
history, American Indians, and Canadian history — num- 
bering 1564 volumes, has been kept together as a memorial 
collection. 

The collection of United States Congressional docu- 
ments numbers about 3500 volumes. Many of the earlier 
and rarer volumes were received with the Ebeling library. 

The family of the poet Longfellow, Smith Professor 
of the French and Spanish Languages and Literatures 
and Professor of Belles Lettres, 1836-54, have given 
to the library from time to time volumes of American 
poetry, most of them presentation copies, amounting 
altogether to nearly 700 volumes. 

The collection of books by and relating to Dante con- 
tains over 2000 volumes. In 1884 Professor Charles 
Eliot Norton, of the Class of 1846, gave to the College 
Library the larger part of his valuable collection on Dante, 
and in 1896 the collection of Dante literature (175 vol- 
umes) of George Ticknor, Smith Professor, 1817-35, was 
given to the library by his heirs. The Dante Society for 
many years has made an annual appropriation for the 
purchase of books in this department, and the library is 
under constant obligation to foreign writers, especially 
Italians, who have presented many of their works. 

A collection of books by and upon Milton, numbering 
323 volumes, is largely made up of one formed by George 
Ticknor. 



101 

The library received under the will of Thomas Carlyle 
his collection of books on Cromwell and Frederick the 
Great, numbering 422 volumes. 

The collection of folk lore and mediaeval romances, 
numbering about 7300 volumes, is supposed to be the 
largest in existence. Professor Francis James Child, of 
the Class of 1846, who is chiefly responsible for its collec- 
tion, based upon the material here brought together his 
English and Scottish Popular Ballads. This collection 
includes a large number of Chap-books, also manuscript 
copies of all the important collections of popular ballads 
in the British Museum that have not been printed, and a 
copy of the large unpublished collection of French popular 
ballads (with music) which was made by a commission 
appointed by Napoleon III. 

The Slavic collection, which has been increased through 
the generosity of Archibald Carey Coolidge, of the Class 
of 1887, who has given over 2000 volumes, now com- 
prises 3500 volumes relating to the history and literature 
of the Slavic nations. With the above is included a 
notable collection on Nihilism (45 volumes and 116 pam- 
phlets) given by Ivan Panin. 

The collection of Sanskrit literature includes about 
450 printed texts, about 500 manuscripts, the gift of 
Fitzedward Hall, of the Class of 1846, and about 500 
other manuscripts purchased for the library in India by 
Professor Lanman. Many of the printed books were 
given by Henry Ware Wales, of the Class of 1838 ; and 
to increase the collection, his brother Mr. George Wash- 
ington Wales, gave for many years $200 a year. 

The collection of music, including both printed books 
relating to music and musical scores, numbers about 4400 
volumes. 



102 

The library is well supplied, particularly with the older 
books, in all departments of theology and Biblical criti- 
cism. Ezra Abbot, Bussey Professor of New Testament 
Criticism and Interpretation, 1872-84, bequeathed his 
library to the Divinity School. The collection of printed 
sermons probably numbers about 10,000. 

In 1888 John Harvey Treat, of the Class of 1862, 
presented his collection of works on ritualism and doctri- 
nal theology, numbering 587 titles. 

Jared Sparks, of the Class of 1815, President of the 
University from 1849 till 1853, left his collection of 
manuscripts — mostly copies, but including some ori- 
ginals, such as the papers of Governor Bernard — to the 
library, and his family has since placed in the library 
his private manuscripts, correspondence, diaries, etc. 

An extensive collection of Judaeo-German books from 
northern Europe was presented to the library in 1898 by 
Mr. Leo Wiener, Instructor in Slavic languages ; another 
collection of books in the same dialect printed in America 
was given by Messrs. Morris and James Loeb of the 
classes of 1883 and 1888. The two collections together 
number about 425 volumes and 1700 pamphlets. 

The most considerable collection of original manu- 
scripts relating to American history possessed by the 
library is the papers of Arthur Lee, which were left to 
the library in 1827. Two other parts of the same 
collection were given at the same time to the American 
Philosophical Society in Philadelphia and to the Library 
of the University of Virginia. 

Charles Sumner bequeathed his whole library to Har- 
vard in 1874. The collection was a general one, but it 
embraces many books of curious and bibliographical 



103 



interest, and interesting autographs. Sumner's corre- 
spondence, mounted in 171 volumes, has also come to 
the library since the death of Mr. Edward L. Pierce, 
his biographer. 

In 1892 Mr. John Bartlett, of Cambridge, gave to the 
library his collection of books on angling, fishes, and 
fish culture, numbering 1014 volumes and 269 pamphlets. 
Mr. Bartlett has also given his collection of Proverbs and 
Emblems, comprising about 250 volumes. 

The library has some works in American aboriginal 
linguistics. Chief among them is the Abenaki Dictionary 
of Sebastian Rasle, which was printed under the editing 
of John Pickering, in 1833, by the American Academy of 
Arts and Sciences. The linguistic contributions to the 
study of the Delaware and other aboriginal languages of 
the Indians living in the present Middle States, by David 
Zeisberger, a Moravian missionary, were given to the 
library in 1845. 

The collection of loose maps, numbering about 17,500 
sheets, is the largest in the country; the basis of the 
collection is that formed by the late Professor Ebeling 
of Germany, which came to the library with his collec- 
tion of Americana in 1818. It has been added to from 
time to time, particularly so as to complete the carto- 
graphical publications of the United States government 
and the topographical surveys of the principal European 
countries. The collection of bound maps and atlases 
numbers about 800 volumes. It includes facsimile collec- 
tions, and the printed editions of the early geographers. 
Printed books which are useful in facilitating the use of 
the collection are provided, and there is a manuscript 
subject catalogue of the maps. 



104 

Catalogues of many of the special collections mentioned 
above have been printed in the series of Bibliographical 
Contributions issued by the Library from time to time. 

The University Archives are kept in the Library, the 
Librarian being also keeper of the University Records. 
Supplementary to the Archives is a collection of Harvardi- 
ana, numbering nearly 3000 volumes and pamphlets. 



THE DIVINITY SCHOOL. 

That a leading purpose of the founders of Harvard Col- 
lege was to provide for the churches a learned ministry 
may be seen from the inscription carved upon a tablet at 
the entrance to the College Yard. 

Instruction in theology has been given at Harvard 
College from the time of its foundation. The first pro- 
fessorship instituted in the University was the Hollis 
Professorship of Divinity, established in 1721. The 
differentiation of the Divinity School from the College 
was very gradual. Its Faculty was formally organized 
in 1819. A separate list of its students — previously 
not distinguished from other ' ' resident graduates " — first 
appears in the Catalogue for 1819-20. The organiza- 
tion of the three oldest professional departments of 
the University, under the titles Theological School, 
Medical School, and Law School, is first indicated in 
the Catalogue for 1827-28. 

The constitution of the Divinity School prescribes that 
"every encouragement be given to the serious, impartial, 
and unbiassed investigation of Christian truth, and that 
no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of 




DIVINITY HALL 




THE DIVINITY LIBRARY 



105 



Christians shall be required either of the instructors or 
students." 

The administration of the School is now carefully con- 
formed to this principle. Various denominations are repre- 
sented in its Faculty and among its students. The aim 
of its management is to maintain a school in which all 
subjects connected with theology shall be studied in a spirit 
as free as that in which philosophy, history, and classical 
literature are studied in colleges. At the same time, 
special attention is given to preparation for the practical 
work of the ministry. 

Divinity Hall, erected under the auspices of the 
Society for Promoting Theological Education in Harvard 
University, which secured contributions amounting to 
about $20,000, was completed in 1826. It contains 37 
rooms, a reading room, and a chapel. The library 
formerly housed there has been removed to the new 
Divinity Library. 

The Library Building of the Divinity School 

was completed in 1887 at a cost of about $40,000. It 
contains the library, of about 30,000 volumes ; a. reading 
room ; a faculty room, which serves as the office of the 
Dean of the School ; a room used for the general pur- 
poses of the students ; and three lecture rooms. 



106 



THE LAW SCHOOL. 

Austin Hall. — Dane Hall, in the southwest corner 
of the College Yard, erected in 1832 and enlarged in 1845, 
was occupied by the Law School until 1883, when Austin 
Hall, in Holmes Place, the present home of the School, 
was finished. For this building the University is indebted 
to the liberality of Edward Austin, and the architectural 
skill of Henry Hobson Richardson. 

On the first floor are three lecture rooms, a reading' 
room, and three professors' rooms. The mezzanine story 
contains • three more professors' rooms. On the second 
floor are the administrative offices, the library stack with 
a capacity of 65,000 volumes, and the large reading 
hall or workshop of the students. The library contains 
44,000 volumes. 

The Law School possesses a unique collection of por- 
traits of eminent judges and lawyers. English Chancery 
judges are to be seen in the north lecture room, and Eng- 
lish Common Law judges in the west lecture room. The 
portraits of American lawyers and judges are in the 
reading hall and in the east lecture room. 

THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 

In the year 1782 Dr. John Warren, a brother of Joseph 
Warren who fell at Bunker Hill, drew up a scheme for a 
medical school in connection with the University. The 
Corporation approved it, and in 1783 lectures were given 
in Cambridge by Dr. Warren, Dr. Aaron Dexter, and Dr. 
Benjamin Waterhouse. In 1810 the lectures were trans- 




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f erred to Boston, and in 1816 a small building on Mason 
Street, erected by means of a grant from the General 
Court, was completed, and was called the Massachusetts 
Medical College. In 1846 that building was sold and 
the one now occupied by the Dental School was erected 
for the medical faculty. 

The present Medical School Building is situated at the 
corner of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston. It is a 
fireproof structure of brick and terra cotta, built in 1883 
by the generous subscriptions of "friends of medical 
education." 

The building is four stories high, with two half stories 
between the second and third, and the third and fourth 
floors. The entrance, from Boylston Street, is to a large, 
central hall, lighted from the roof. From this hall rises an 
iron stairway to the galleries leading to the lecture rooms 
and the laboratories. On the right of the entrance are the 
faculty room and the office of the Dean and the Secre- 
tary : on the left are the rooms of the Janitor. In the 
rear of the faculty room, extending along the Exeter 
Street side of the building, are the laboratories for bacteri- 
ology, for materia medica, pharmacology, and experi- 
mental therapeutics, and also for hygiene. In a large 
hall on the left, and also in the rear of the entrance hall 
are arranged lockers for the students' use ; and there is 
also on this floor a room for a branch of the Harvard 
Cooperative Society. A smaller iron stairway and the 
elevator shaft are placed in a fire-proof structure behind 
the central hall and the galleries. 

The second story is devoted to the Departments of Physi- 
ology and Chemistry. On the right is the main chemical 
laboratory and the private work rooms of the Professors 



108 

of Chemistry and their assistants. On the left are the 
physiological laboratory and the large lecture room used 
by the two departments. In the mezzanine story above 
the second floor are the private laboratories of the Pro- 
fessor of Physiology, facilities for special research, and 
smaller laboratories for clinical microscopy and hema- 
tology. 

The Warren Anatomical Museum is placed in a room 
occupying two thirds of the front of the third story. It 
contains about 10,000 specimens, fully illustrating nor- 
mal and pathological anatomy and materia medica. 
Numerous dissections, corrosive preparations, frozen sec- 
tions, and large models of the bones, made under Pro- 
fessor D wight's direction, are found in the normal division. 
In addition, Professor Dwight has prepared a collection of 
bones illustrating the variation in individuals. Diseased 
bones and organs which show changes in shape, size, or 
structure are preserved in alcohol or dried ; those in 
which the color is of especial importance are prepared by 
the new method of Kaiserling. There are also many 
skulls of different races, and rare and unique specimens. 
Among the latter is the celebrated " crow-bar skull." 
This came from a man who, while tamping a blast, 
received the accidental discharge of an iron, which passed 
completely through his head, destroying a portion of the 
left frontal lobe of the brain. He recovered, and lived 
for 13 years with no impairment of his faculties. The 
room is open during the day to students and visitors, and 
every facility is offered to the visitor for the study of the 
specimens both in and out of the cases. 

The Exeter Street side of the third story is occupied 
by two large lecture rooms ; on the opposite side is the 




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amphitheatre used for the lectures in anatomy and sur- 
gery. Beneath the rising tiers of seats are the private 
rooms of the Professor of Surgery and the Assistant 
Professor of Anatomy ; in the rear of this floor are the 
rooms of the Demonstrator of Anatomy and his assist- 
ants. 

The mezzanine story above the third floor contains only 
the private room of the Professor of Anatomy ; the re- 
maining space is devoted to the large lecture rooms of 
the third story. 

The front of the fourth story is devoted to the Depart- 
ment of Histology and Embryology ; the remaining room 
is used by the Professors of Anatomy and of Clinical 
Surgery. The dissecting room occupies the Exeter Street 
side. In the rear of the dissecting room is a small amphi- 
theatre for lectures, and the macerating room and the 
other workrooms of the Department of Anatomy. The 
large anatomical amphitheatre rises through this story to 
the roof of the building. The basement contains, in 
addition to the heating and ventilating plant, ample 
provisions for cold storage. 

The building as originally planned proved to be inade- 
quate for the increasing needs of the School, and in 1890 
the generosity of Henry Francis Sears, an alumnus of the 
College and the School, enabled the President and Fellows 
to build an addition to the main building, providing for 
the special needs of the Department of Pathology. The 
basement is fitted up for the care of animals and for the 
storage of material. The first story is assigned to the 
Professor of Bacteriology, and is used chiefly for gradu- 
ate and special instruction. The second and third stories 
are devoted to pathology and pathological history. 



110 



THE DENTAL SCHOOL. 

The Harvard Dental School was established by vote of 
the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 17, 
1867. In 1865 Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep had, in his 
annual address before the Massachusetts Dental Society, 
of which he was then President, suggested the need of a 
Dental School in connection with Harvard University ; 
and thus the movement which resulted in the establishment 
of the School took its beginning. The first session of 
the School opened on the first Wednesday in November, 
1867, and continued until the following March. The first 
examination of candidates for the degree of the School 
was held March 6, 1869. 

The School building, formerly used by the Medical 
School, is situated on North Grove Street, Boston. The 
building is three stories in height. The first floor contains 
the chemical laboratory, provided with 140 desks, the 
Janitor's rooms, and the store room. The second floor 
is used for the mechanical laboratory, the waiting room, 
the anaesthesia and the surgical rooms, lecture rooms, and 
the office. The large lecture room has a seating capacity 
of 300. On the third floor are two operating infirmaries, 
B and C, an office, and a surgical room. Each of the 
infirmaries has 27 operating chairs; the surgical room 
is provided with a surgical chair, cases, and instruments. 
The fourth floor contains a surgical clinic room. 
• The museum of the School is situated on the third floor 
and contains, in properly arranged cabinets, specimens 
of comparative anatomy, materia medica, mechanical 
pieces, dental and surgical instruments, pathology, 



Ill 

orthodontia carving, etc. Included in the specimens 
of comparative anatomy are 24 Hawaiian skulls, more 
than 1500 years old, found in the caves of the Hawaiian 
Islands, which show many of the modern diseases known 
to dentistry. The total number of specimens in the 
museum is more than 3000. A library is* being collected. 



THE SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 

The School of Veterinary Medicine was opened in the 
year 1882-83. It is situated at and near the corner of 
Village and Lucas Streets, Boston, and occupies for pur- 
poses of instruction and for hospital purposes two brick 
buildings. In a third building a Free Clinic is maintained. 

The objects of the Corporation and the Overseers in 
organizing this School were to provide a thorough training 
for veterinary practitioners, and to lay the foundations of 
an advanced school of comparative medicine. From the 
beginning the School has been fostered and aided by the 
Faculty of Medicine. 

The Lucas Street Building contains a dissecting 
room, extending upward through two complete stories of 
the building in order to secure good ventilation and 
shadowless light ; a lecture room ; a reading room, open 
to members of the various classes ; a museum ; bed 
rooms for house-surgeons ; etc. 

The Village Street Hospital was established in 
1883, a year after the foundation of the School, for the 
treatment and observation of sick animals; its wards 



112 



and cases are used by students precisely as hospitals for 
men are used by students in medicine. It contains an 
operating room and wards. Separate wards are provided 
for dogs. 

A Forge has been established, to which students have 
access at all times, and in which it is possible for them 
to obtain instruction in horse-shoeing, if they so desire, 
although a practical training in this is not considered a 
necessary part of the education of a veterinary physician. 
The theory of shoeing is, however, thoroughly taught. 

The Free Clinic, or Dispensary for Animals, is located 
at No. 52 Piedmont Street, which is near the corner of 
Columbus Avenue and Ferdinand Street, Boston. It 
was first opened in the fall of 1896. During the year 
1897-98, 3,926 cases were treated 

Besides operating as a useful charity, the Clinic is a 
valuable addition to the teaching resources of the School. 
The cases coming in are given, in regular order, to the 
senior students who, under the immediate supervision of an 
instructor, take full charge and do whatever is necessary, 
precisely as they would in private practice. The institu- 
tion is largely supported by public annual subscription. 

THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION. 

The School of Agriculture and Horticulture, known as 
the Bussey Institution, was established in execution of 
trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, bearing 
date July 30, 1835, and was opened in 1871-72. It is 
situated at the outer edge of Jamaica Plain, close to 
the Forest Hills stations of the Electric Railway and the 
New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad. 




THE SCHOOL BUILDING OF THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION 




THE MUSEUM OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 



113 

The large stone building of the Institution contains 
lecture rooms, recitation rooms, and laboratories for 
instruction in agriculture and horticulture, and in natural 
history and chemistry as applied to those arts. It con- 
tains, also, a library of nearly 4000 volumes relating 
chiefly to agriculture and horticulture. The greenhouses 
afford opportunity for teaching the manual operations of 
horticulture and for supplying plants and flowers for use 
in teaching the botanical classes in this and other depart- 
ments of the University. The nurseries and park-like 
plantations of the Arnold Arboretum are adjacent to the 
buildings of the School and serve to supplement its 
teachings. 

Connected with the School is a farm, on which forage 
is grown and animals are kept. 

The students of the Bussey Institution include persons 
intending to become farmers, gardeners, foresters, flor- 
ists, landscape gardeners, managers or stewards of large 
estates or of parks, towns, highways, or public institutions, 
overseers of farms, and owners of rural property. 

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM. 

The Arnold Arboretum, a living museum of trees and 
shrubs, is managed by a director who is also Professor of 
Arboriculture. It occupies 220 acres of land in Jamaica 
Plain, near the Forest Hills station of the New York, 
New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, with two entrances 
from the Parkway of Boston, which forms its eastern 
boundary, and others from Centre Street, Walter Street, 
Fairview Street, and South Street, Jamaica Plain. It was 
established in 1872 by an arrangement between the Presi- 



114 

dent and Fellows and the trustees under the will of James 
Arnold, of New Bedford, the President and Fellows 
furnishing about 120 acres of land which formed part of 
the so-called Bussey Farm bequeathed to them by the late 
Benjamin Bussey, and Mr. Arnold's trustees an endow- 
ment of $100,000, which has since been increased by 
accumulated income and other gifts to $170,000. By 
another arrangement, made subsequently with the City of 
Boston, the Arboretum is open to the public every day in 
the year from sunrise to sunset, and the city, through its 
Park Commissioners, has built roads and walks in the 
Arboretum and supplies the police force necessary for its 
protection. Additional land was also acquired by the 
city and added to the Arboretum, which in 1894 was 
further enlarged by the President and Fellows with 75 
acres of ground belonging to the Bussey Farm. 

The Arboretum is now traversed by between three and 
four miles of park roads, along which all the trees hardy 
in the climate of eastern Massachusetts are arranged in 
great open groups of genera, American species being 
followed first by European and then by Asiatic species. 
These tree groups are bordered by shrubs, as far as pos- 
sible of the same related genera, and in a special collec- 
tion, occupying several acres near the entrace from the 
Forest Hills station, all the shrubs hardy in this climate 
are arranged in parallel beds, according to their botanical 
relationships. The Arboretum also contains large areas 
of woodland, — in the management of which the object 
sought is the production of the greatest natural beauty, — 
and many fine native trees. From its two high hills 
views of the distant country and of the City of Boston 
and its harbor can be obtained. 



115 

The Arboretum is equipped with a herbarium of ligneous 
plants preserved in a fireproof building ; this contains 
very full sets of specimens of all North American trees 
and is rich in the types of the woody vegetation of the 
whole northern hemisphere ; the dendrological library of 
nearly 7000 volumes and several thousand pamphlets is 
believed to be unrivalled in its completeness. Special 
students in dendrology are received at the Arboretum, 
and every spring and autumn popular lectures are given, 
largely to teachers ; but it is principally managed as a 
station for scientific research into the character, the dis- 
tribution, and the uses of hardy trees and shrubs, and of 
the best methods for their cultivation. 



A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF STUDENT LIFE AT 
HARVARD. 

In the preceding pages the grounds and buildings de- 
voted to the educational aims of the University have been 
described. It remains to say somewhat of the places asso- 
ciated with the daily life of the University population, par- 
ticularly of the students. 

So rapid has been the recent growth of the student body 
that the University no longer attempts to feed and house 
the whole number of those whom it instructs. Memorial 
and Randall halls, conducted by student associations, sup- 
ply with food more than half of those who live in Cam- 
bridge. The others patronize public cafes and restaurants 
and private boarding-houses, or avail themselves of the 
accommodations which many of the clubs afford. Now and 
then one also finds a poor student preparing his food over a 
spirit lamp in his room. At the private boarding houses, 
as in Memorial Hall, club tables are commonly formed. 

DORMITORIES. 

The University rarely fails to let all the rooms in those 
dormitories in Cambridge which it owns, and which have 
been described ; but an increasingly large percentage of the 
students, either from necessity or from preference, live else- 
where. Many find quarters in private houses, and some, 
whose homes are in Cambridge and the neighboring towns 
and cities, live at home ; but a still larger number are 
housed in private dormitories. Some of these private dor- 




STATUE OF JOHN HARVARD 



117 

mitories offer accommodations not substantially better or 
worse than the University gives in its dormitories ; but in 
recent years very luxurious quarters for the richer students 
have been provided by the enterprise of capitalists. These 
expensive buildings are nearly all to the southward of the 
College Yard, on Mount Auburn Street or in its neighbor- 
hood ; but Ware Hall, on Harvard Street, should be num- 
bered among them. The newest of them have such appli- 
ances for the pleasure and comfort of their lodgers as are 
found in expensive bachelor apartments in New York and 
other cities ; swimming tanks and apparatus for gymnastics 
are offered by some of them. The poorer students find 
rooms at rentals of seventy-five dollars, fifty dollars, or 
even less ; the richer pay as much as seven hundred dollars. 
The rooms in the dormitories and in most of the private 
houses are let unfurnished, and a student may fit up his 
quarters economically or luxuriously, according to his means. 
Ordinarily, a student rooming alone has a study and a small 
bedroom or alcove, and two students rooming together have 
a study in common and two bedrooms or alcoves. 

Doubtless the chief reason why the newer private dormi- 
tories have arisen between the Yard and the Charles Eiver 
is that this region has come to be the centre of those 
activities in which the social spirit, the college loyalty, and 
the literary, musical, and other interests of the student 
body express themselves. Here are the principal club 
houses, most of them in easy reach of the dormitories. 
Along Massachusetts Avenue, facing the Yard, and in Har- 
vard Square, southwest of the Yard, are the shops, restau- 
rants, billiard parlors, and so forth, most frequented by the 
students. Across the river are the principal playgrounds, 
and on its banks are the boat houses. 



118 



ATHLETICS. 
Of all the student activities, none attracts more attention 
from the general public than athletics, and those branches 
of athletics in which the Harvard teams engage in inter- 
collegiate contests have been for years the subject of much 
discussion. The various sports are sustained by elaborate 
organizations among the students, and regulated by a com- 
mittee composed of officers, graduates, and undergraduates. 
The old Delta was for many years the principal playground ; 
when it was chosen to be the site of Memorial Hall, Jarvis 
Field was secured in its stead. Jarvis and Holmes fields 
accommodated all the teams except the crews until 1895, 
when Soldier's Field, south of the Charles, became avail- 
able. 

SOLDIER'S FIELD. 

This spacious playground, covering twenty acres, was 
given to the college in 1890 by Henry Lee Higginson, of 
the class of 1855. A shaft near the entrance is inscribed 
as follows : — 

TO THE 

HAPPY MEMORY OF 

JAMES SAVAGE 

CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL 

EDWARD BARRY DALTON 

STEPHEN GEORGE PERKINS 

JAMES JACKSON LOWELL 

ROBERT GOULD SHAW 

FRIENDS COMRADES KINSMEN 

WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY 

THIS FIELD IS DEDICATED BY 

HENRY LEE HIGGINSON 



119 



THOUGH LOVE REPINE AND REASON CHAFE 
THERE CAME A VOICE WITHOUT REPLY 
'T IS MAN'S PERDITION TO BE SAFE 
WHEN FOR THE TRUTH HE OUGHT TO DIE 

In 1893-4 a locker building was erected on Soldier's 
Field by subscriptions from the Alumni, the Cary build- 
ing on Holmes Field being no longer available for the teams, 
on account of the distance. Opposite the locker building 
stands a base-ball cage, built in 1897. The same year the 
corporation took the Cary building for uses other than 
those for which it was designed, and in return contributed 
$15,000 to the improvement of the new playground. 

ROWING. 
Doubtless the oldest of the athletic sports now flourish- 
ing at Cambridge is rowing. As early as 1844 the class of 
1846 bought an eight-oared boat and named it the Oneida. 
Several clubs were formed, each taking the name of its 
boat. The clubs raced with each other and with clubs out- 
side Harvard. In 1852 the long series of Yale-Harvard 
races began on a two-mile course ©n Lake Quinsigamond, 
the Oneida of Harvard winning by four lengths over the 
Shawmut of Yale. A second race was won from Yale in 
1855, and the building of a boat house the next year was 
one of the signs of the growing popularity of the sport. It 
is said that before this the cellar of Appleton Chapel had 
housed a racing shell. In 1859 Harvard beat Yale and 
Brown on Lake Quinsigamond. During the Civil War row- 
ing languished until 1864, when the races with Yale were 
resumed. In 1870 Harvard had a record against her chief 
rival of seven victories out of nine contests, and in 1869 a 
four-oared Harvard crew had rowed a very creditable race 
on the Thames against Oxford, the Englishmen winning by 
six seconds. 



120 



From 1871 to 1876 Harvard rowed in college regattas, 
first at Springfield and then at Saratoga. But in 1876 a 
dual league with Yale was formed, and this arrangement 
lasted until 1895. From 1879 until 1895 all the races 
were rowed at New London. Owing to a rupture of ath- 
letic relations with Yale, Harvard rowed in 1896 at Pough- 
keepsie and was beaten by Cornell. In 1897 and 1898 
Cornell beat both Yale and Harvard. The dual league 
with Yale has recently been revived. Yale at present 
leads Harvard in the number of victories. 

The crew or " eight " is housed in the ' Varsity boat 
house. A captain is elected at the end of each season by 
the men who have rowed in the principal race, — usually 
the race with Yale. The captain, after consultation with 
graduates interested in rowing, selects a coach, who is ordi- 
narily a Harvard graduate ; but the crews of 1897 and 1898 
were coached by Mr. R. C. Lehmann, a graduate of Cam- 
bridge, England, and a famous amateur expert in rowing. 

Besides the 'Varsity, there are a number of other crews 
at Harvard. In 1879 class crews were formed, and the 
class races, rowed every spring on the Charles, have served 
to develop oarsmen for the ; Varsity. In 1890 Mr. George 
Walker Weld, of the class of 1860, built and equipped a 
boat house for the especial benefit of students not rowing 
on the 'Varsity or class crews. The Weld Boat Club has 
possession of the building. In 1898-99 another club was 
formed and named the Newell, in honor of the late Mar- 
shall Newell, of the class of 1894, famous in his day as a 
football player and oarsman. It is the present plan to 
choose the class crews from among the men who distin- 
guish themselves in the club races, and finally to select the 
'Varsity oarsmen from the class crews. The Freshman 



121 



crew, however, is reserved intact for its annual race with 
the Yale Freshmen. 

BASE-BALL. 

Base-ball has flourished at Harvard ever since 1862, 
when the base-ball club of the class of 1866 was formed. 
It practiced first on the Common, near the Washington 
Elm, and later on the Delta. Yale had no club at that 
time, but in June, 1863, a game was played with the 
Brown Sophomores at Providence, and the Harvard nine 
won. The first game with Yale was played in 1868. 
Jarvis became the playground when Memorial was built, 
and afterwards Holmes. In 1897 base-ball was transferred 
to Soldier's Field. 

Several Harvard nines have attained wide distinction. 
From 1868 to 1878 A. McC. Bush was captain, and many 
famous victories were won over professional as well as ama- 
teur clubs. F. W. Thayer, '78, the inventor of the catch- 
er's mask, was also a successful captain. In his time curve 
pitching began. Of late years not many successful nines 
have been developed ; but in '93 and again in '97 Yale was 
defeated in the annual series. The game with Yale the 
day before Class Day at Cambridge is one of the great ath- 
letic events of every year. Harvard also plays with Prince- 
ton, Pennsylvania, and numerous smaller colleges. 

FOOT-BALL. 

Foot-ball, as played nowadays, is a comparative new- 
comer among college sports ; but foot-ball of a different sort 
was played at Harvard long before the Civil War. A 
rough-and-tumble match between the Freshmen and the 
Sophomores used to be played every year on the Delta. 



122 

The Faculty put an end to the custom, but it is supposed 
that the " rushes " on " Bloody IVJonday night " — the 
evening of the first Monday after term begins in the au- 
tumn — are a survival of the old encounters on the Delta. 

In 1873 a foot-ball association was formed, and rules 
limiting the number of players to fifteen on a side were 
adopted. The number was gradually reduced to eleven. 
In 1880 the Rugby rules were adopted. In 1885 the 
Faculty prohibited the game on account of its roughness, 
but next year the ban was removed. Matches with Yale 
began in 1870 and continued with few interruptions until 
1894, when a display of brutality at Springfield caused a 
cessation for two years. Harvard now plays every year 
with Yale and Pennsylvania, besides many smaller col- 
leges. With Princeton there have been only two matches 
since 1889. 

Jarvis was the foot-ball field until 1895, when the sport 
was transferred to Soldier's Field. The annual match with 
Yale, played formerly at Springfield, is now played alter- 
nately at Cambridge and at New Haven. It attracts enor- 
mous crowds and is usually a most exciting spectacle. 
Since the game took its present form, Harvard has beaten 
Yale only twice — in 1890, under Captain Cumnock, '91, 
and in 1898, under Captain Dibblee, '99. 

TRACK ATHLETICS. 

The Harvard Athletic Association, founded in 1874, has 
in charge the track and field teams which represent the 
University in the annual Mott Haven games, a meeting of 
various colleges, and in the dual games with Yale. The 
running-track is on Holmes Field, but a new one is to be 
constructed on Soldier's Field. Harvard has a Mott 



123 



Haven cup, the trophy of eight victories, and in 1899 the 
first cup offered for the dual contests with Yale became 
Harvard's property as the result of five victories over her 
dearest foe. 

OTHER SPORTS. 

Lawn tennis is played chiefly on Jarvis Field, which 
was given over to the Lawn Tennis Association when the 
foot-ball team ceased to play there. There is a golf-club, 
a lacrosse club, a cricket club, a fencers' club, a shooting 
club ; and individual students indulge in various other 
forms of recreation. The Hemenway Gymnasium is used 
rather for general athletic exercise than for the develop- 
ment of teams. 

The student organizations devoted to other than athletic 
purposes are many and various. To most of them the term 
club may be applied ; but some have not taken that form. 

Perhaps the greatest practical importance should be 
attributed to the editorial boards of the student publica- 
tions. 

HARVARD JOURNALISM. 

The undergraduate publications are now four in number. 
The Harvard Crimson appears daily, excepting Sundays. 
The Lampoon, the illustrated college comic paper, and The 
Advocate, the oldest periodical of the four, are fortnightlies. 
The Monthly is what its name implies. 

The Harvard Lampoon, founded in 1876, had among 
its first editors Eobert Grant, F. J. Stimson, J. T. Wheel- 
wright, and F. G. Atwood. In 1880 it ceased to appear, 
and some of the men who had founded it went to ISTew 



124 



York to write for Life, which was started at that time. In 
1881 The Lampoon began to come out again as in its 
" Second Series/' so that it is now able to boast that it is 
the oldest comic paper in the country and the parent of 
Life. The editors, about twenty in number, have a Sanc- 
tum in the house next the Hasty Pudding Club on Holyoke 
Street. The comical aspects of college life are set forth in 
this paper, and a mildly satirical attitude is maintained 
towards the governing powers. 

The Harvard Crimson, the college daily, is a larger 
and more businesslike concern than any of the other col- 
lege papers. The board of editors and the candidates, who 
serve a severe four months' trial, are expected to do a great 
deal of work during the college year. The office, 1304 
Massachusetts Avenue, is large and gives working accom- 
modations to the graduate weekly, The Bulletin, and to 
the Harvard correspondents of various newspapers. The 
" Sanctum," in the back of the office, is more or less sacred 
to the editors, and is used chiefly as a clubroom. 

The Harvard Advocate is more closely associated with 
the undergraduate publications of the past than any other 
Harvard periodical now issued. It is the immediate suc- 
cessor of the short-lived Collegian, which appeared in 1866 
with the motto " Dulce est periculum." The second of 
the three numbers of The Collegian contained a Socratic 
dialogue in which Socrates asked what the compulsory 
chapel services really were, considering that the minister 
was the only person present who was intent on his devo- 
tions. After the Faculty had suppressed the paper and 
threatened expulsion to any who allowed themselves such 
freedom again, the Advocate appeared under the motto 
"Veritas nihil veretur." In time it ventured to print the 



125 



old motto " Dulce est periculuui " also. The Advocate at 
present has no sanctum or settled place of abode. The 
meetings of the board are usually held in the room of 
the secretary or president. The Monthly is much like 
The Advocate. Both publish stories and poems, but The 
Monthly is given also to rather serious studies in litera- 
ture. For example, it published the first English trans- 
lation from Ibsen, and the first bibliography of George 
Meredith. 

Of the Harvard men who in their college days served on 
the editorial boards of student publications many became 
eminent in later life, and a few have been famous. Edward 
Everett and Samuel Gilman (the author of " Fair Harvard") 
were on the board of The Harvard Lyceum, which appeared 
in 1810 and 1811. Later, in 1830, Oliver Wendell Holmes 
contributed to the first Collegian. J. E. Lowell was an 
editor of Harvardiana, 1835-1838. Phillips Brooks, F. 
B. Sanborn, and J. B. Greenough were among the origina- 
tors of The Harvard Magazine. 

THE CLUBS. 

An enumeration made in 1898-99 shows a total of 86 
student organizations, other than athletic, to each of which 
the term club may be applied. Social intercourse is a fea- 
ture of most of them, but in many this is subsidiary to 
another object. 

PRACTICAL CLUBS. 

There are clubs devoted to such practical work as the 
management of dining halls, like the Dining Association 
and the Foxcroft Club, or of a store, like the Cooperative 
Society. But of these it is not necessary to speak. 



126 



RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. I 
The religious societies have been many. Those now 
flourishing are the Young Men's Christian Association 
(Protestant), which traces its origin to the Saturday Even- 
ing Society, founded in 1802 ; the Catholic Club, formed 
in 1892 ; the Religious Union, which admits any student 
interested in religious subjects without question as to his 
beliefs ; the St. Paul's Society (Protestant Episcopal) ; and 
the Oxford Club (Methodist Episcopal). It is understood 
that all of these will use Phillips Brooks House in future. 
A number of organizations are devoted to the various forms 
of charitable work, to the cause of temperance, and similar 
objects. 

POLITICAL CLUBS. 

The interest of the student body in the affairs of the 
Republic, and in particular political movements, is fre- 
quently exhibited. In fact, none of the higher forces of 
University life are stronger than the simple impulse of 
patriotism. The presidential elections always bring into 
action clubs representing the two great parties ; frequently 
the smaller parties, and factions of the greater, are also re- 
presented. Organizations like the Civil Service Reform 
Club aim at continuous agitation along certain lines. 

SECTIONAL CLUBS. 
Sectional clubs like the Southern, the Maine, and the 
Western New York, bring together the men whose feeling 
for their home associations is strong, especially those whose 
homes are remote from Cambridge. Similarly, the larger 
preparatory schools are represented by such associations as 
the Exeter Club, the Groton Club, the St. Marks Club, 
and so forth. 



127 



EDUCATIONAL CLUBS. 

There are associations of students — graduates, under- 
graduates, and professional school men — based on serious 
interest in nearly every important branch of study. The 
Graduate Club brings together a large number of men pur- 
suing advanced studies and doing original work in various 
departments, among them many representatives of other 
American and Canadian colleges. The law clubs are organ- 
ized like courts ; their members prepare briefs, argue cases, 
and render decisions in the most business-like way. Among 
the undergraduates the clubs interested in modern lan- 
guages are particularly strong. The Cercle Francais and 
the Deutscher Verein both give dramatic performances, and 
in recent years the Cercle has been enabled, through the 
generosity of Mr. James Hazen Hyde, '98, to offer the 
University community courses of lectures on French litera- 
ture by such eminent French men of letters as M. Brune- 
tiere and M. Rod. Among the scientific students the 
Natural History Society — an old organization — the Chem- 
ical Club, the Botanical Club, and the like, attract many 
members. 

The debating clubs should also be placed in this category, 
and they have an especial importance because of the inter- 
collegiate debates. Debating was a feature of many of the 
older societies which in the course of time have become 
purely social. A " Harvard Union," devoted entirely to 
speaking, nourished in the thirties. In 1880 it was re- 
vived, and in 1891-92 it began a series of annual debates 
with Yale. In 1893 the Union broke in two, and this 
resulted in the formation of the New Union and the Wen- 
dell Phillips Club, which became the Forum. In 1898, 
however, the two were united in the University Debating 



128 



Club. At present the three lower classes have debating 
clubs of their own. Every year Harvard debates with 
Yale and with Princeton. Harvard has won six of the 
debates with Yale and lost three. The four debates with 
Princeton have all been Harvard victories. None of the 
debating clubs has a house of its own. 

MUSICAL CLUBS. 
There are several organizations based on a ^ove of music. 
One of them, the Pierian Sodality, founded in 1806, is 
probably the oldest musical society in the country. It is 
said that in 1832 its membership was reduced to one man 
who " elected himself to all the offices, attended his own 
rehearsals, and so carried the club through the year." At 
present the Pierian flourishes as a college orchestra, has 
a professional coach, and frequently performs in public. 
The Glee Club dates from 1858 ; the Banjo and Mandolin 
clubs are of later origin. These three frequently give con- 
certs together, and they have a pleasant custom of making 
music in the Yard on warm evenings towards the close of 
term time. They used to make extensive tours through 
the country during the Christmas holidays, but such expe- 
ditions are now prohibited. Each of the three has its 
counterpart in the Freshman class. 

MISCELLANEOUS CLUBS. 

A set of interests, not athletic or social or literary, find 
expression in such organizations as the Camera Club, the 
Chess Club, and the Whist Club. The Camera Club has 
an annual exhibition, at which prizes are awarded. The 
Chess Club has a fine record of victories in the intercolle- 
giate contests, and the Whist Club has beaten Yale every 
year since 1894, when the club was formed. 



129 

LITERARY AND SOCIAL CLUBS. 

We come finally to a long list of clubs which, as a group, 
cannot be accurately described as either social or literary ; 
nor can they be accurately divided into literary and social. 
Nearly all of them began by being literary. The majority 
have ended by going over entirely to good fellowship, but 
even these frequently give their conviviality a traditional 
literary or dramatic form. Perhaps the best way to describe 
them as a group is to say that they are all social clubs, some 
m which retain literary features. 

In one, however, the Phi Beta Kappa, the social side is 
presented chiefly to the alumni members who gather at Cam- 
bridge the day after Commencement for the annual address 
and poem, which are given in Sanders Theatre, and for the 
dinner, which is eaten in Massachusetts Hall. To the under- 
graduate, membership is desirable chiefly as a formal reward 
for academic distinction. The chapter was founded in 1779, 
taking its charter from the William and Mary chapter in 
Virginia, and was a secret society until 1831. Its catalogue 
shows a long roll of eminent names, and many of the Phi 
Beta Kappa addresses and poems have become famous ; ex- 
amples are Emerson's address in 1837, Wendell Phillips's 
in 1881, and Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem in 1836. The 
speeches at the dinner in Massachusetts are never reported. 
The immediate members are taken from the two higher 
classes ; from each class twenty-five are taken entirely on 
the basis of scholarship, and a few others — usually five — 
because they have won distinction in other ways. 

Other clubs which, though really social, maintain an 
intellectual tone, are the 0. K., which dates from 1858, the 
Signet, which was founded in 1870 and moved into its 
present quarters, on Mt. Auburn Street, in 1897, and the 



130 

Amphadon, a comparative newcomer. These three choose 
their members from the upper classes, and are not rivals ; 
membership in one of them does not bar one from election 
to the others. Also of decidedly intellectual tone is the 
Harvard chapter of Delta Upsilon, a much larger club than 
any of the three just described. It was organized in 1881, 
and is the strongest chapter the fraternity has. The char- 
acter of its membership is indicated by the fact that nearly 
one third of the names on its rolls are also on the rolls of 
Phi Beta Kappa. Every spring it produces a play, usually 
selected from the works of the Elizabethan dramatists. 

There is also at Harvard a chapter of Theta Delta Chi, 
with a club house on Ware Street and Broadway ; but as a 
rule the Greek-letter societies at Harvard have no connec- 
tion with other chapters throughout the country. 

For example, the Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard, better 
known as the Dickey, is the great Sophomore secret society 
from whose membership the more exclusive of the Junior 
and Senior societies are recruited ; and the Dickey is really 
the inner circle of a larger Sophomore society called the In- 
stitute of 1770. The Institute is the oldest of all the clubs 
now in existence, for its history extends back under differ- 
ent names to the year 1770, when the Speaking Club was 
founded. This was really a debating club, and we are told 
that its members were forbidden to speak in Latin. In 
1801 the Speaking Club became the Patriotic Association, 
and later the Social Eraternity of 1770. In 1825 it united 
with two other clubs under the present name, and in 1848 
the I. O. H. was also absorbed. Once a Senior society of 
literary proclivities holding its meetings in Massachusetts 
Hall, the Institute has gradually become a Sophomore 
society, has eliminated its literary features, and now main- 



131 

tains a club house of its own on Plympton Street, near Mt. 
Auburn Street. Its hundred members are chosen in groups 
of ten, and the first six tens are members of the Dickey 
also. The custom is to " take out " each ten by marching 
around to the tune of the " Institute March " and hauling 
the men out of their rooms. The Dickey is held respon- 
sible for most of the comical initiations witnessed on the 
streets of Cambridge and Boston, on the playgrounds be- 
tween the halves of important athletic contests, and in 
various other places where the performances of the novitiate 
are sure of adequate appreciation. The Dickey has also 
given a number of dramatic exhibitions, usually comic 
operas. 

Of all the larger social clubs, however, the Hasty Pud- 
ding is doubtless the best known. Indeed, it is probably 
the best known college club in the country. It was founded 
in 1795, and takes its name from the frugal fare on which 
its members still occasionally regale themselves. Its meet- 
ings were held for many years in the rooms of members, 
but in 1849 it obtained permanent quarters in Stoughton 
Hall, where at length a whole floor was given over to it. 
Here was a stage on which the dramatic performances which 
have brought the club its wide reputation used to be pre- 
sented. They began in 1844, and were possibly suggested 
by the usages of other clubs, long since defunct; for we 
know that in the middle of the eighteenth century there 
were clubs that gave plays. There is a well authenticated 
story that John Adams, H. U. 1755, later distinguished in 
other roles, once appeared as a female character in a Shake- 
sperian play and was brought to grief by the accidental 
display of a thoroughly masculine pair of boots beneath the 
skirts with which he had thought to conceal them. 



132 

In 1876 the Pudding moved into the wooden building 
on Holmes Field now occupied by the Architecture Depart- 
ment. Its present club house, on Holyoke Street, was 
built in 1888. It has a theatre in the rear, and a consider- 
able library. The plays are given first in the club house 
and afterwards in Boston. Nowadays, they usually fake 
the comic opera form, the words and music being the work 
of members. Several of the Pudding " shows" have 
recommended themselves to professionals. Besides the 
plays, there are various peculiar usages and customs which 
give a quality of distinction to the good fellowship which 
is the club's main object and attraction. Its catalogues 
almost vie with those of the Phi Beta Kappa in the matter 
of distinguished names. Its immediate members are all 
Seniors and Juniors. 

The Pi Eta Society was founded in 1865 by members of 
the class of ? 66 who felt that the increasing size of the col- 
lege warranted the formation of a second large Senior soci- 
ety. The name suggests rivalry with the Pudding. The 
Pi Eta's first quarters were on Brighton (now Boylston) 
Street. In 1873 it obtained rooms in Hollis, where it 
first began to give dramatic entertainments. Three years 
later a fire caused a third removal, this time to Brattle 
Square. In 1894 the society took possession of its present 
club house on Winthrop Square; in 1897 a theatre was 
added. Formerly, the Pi Eta drew its members from the 
Everett Athenaeum, a society no longer in existence, mucji 
as the Pudding draws its members from the Institute of 
1770. At preseut, however, the Pi Eta takes in men 
from the three upper classes. Its plays are produced in 
Cambridge and Boston, and are usually the work of 
members. 



133 



There remain a number of small social clubs, most of 
them with Greek-letter names, but without affiliation with 
chapters in other colleges. The oldest of these small clubs, 
and doubtless the best known, is the Porcellian, whose club 
house is on Massachusetts Avenue, nearly opposite Boyl- 
ston Hall. It was founded in 1791 as the Pig Club, be- 
came the Gentlemen's Society next year, and in 1794 took 
its present name. Its first rooms were in Stoughton ; the 
club house was built in 1891. As a rule, the members are 
wealthy and socially prominent students. The club has a 
fine library. 

The A. D., whose club house is at the corner of Mt. 
Auburn and Dunster streets, and the Alpha Delta Phi, 
whose club house is at the corner of Mt. Auburn Street 
and Holyoke place, both trace their origin to a society 
founded in 1836, and called the Alpha Delta Phi. At one 
time, owing to Faculty opposition to secret societies, it had 
to conceal its existence. It then took the name A. D. At 
present, however, the two clubs are entirely separate. The 
Zeta Psi, which has held a place in the college social sys- 
tem not unlike that of the Alpha Delta Phi, dates from 1847. 
Its club house is on Church Street. Other small clubs pos- 
sessing houses of their own are the Delta Phi and the Phi 
Delta Psi, on Mt. Auburn Street. The number of these 
small and exclusive clubs, which take their members chiefly 
from the rolls of the Institute and the Pudding, seems to 
be increasing. Formerly, they attached much importance 
to secrecy, but the building of club houses seems to have 
worked a change in this respect. There is, however, — at 
least there is supposed to be, and at one time there cer- 
tainly was, — a club at Harvard whose membership, whose 
proceedings, and whose very existence are shrouded in 



134 



gloomy mystery. This is the u Med. Fac," or Medical 
Faculty, an organization whose earlier history is better 
known than its more recent. Many deeds of darkness are 
still attributed to it. It has conferred honorary degrees 
on various individuals, from the Czar of Russia to the pro- 
prietors of a patent blacking, and has given its distin- 
guished consideration to many venerable objects in Cam- 
bridge, but its secrets remain unfathomed. The only ink- 
ling of its membership the community ever gets is the 
black rosette, with skull and cross-bones, worn by a few 
Seniors every Class Day. 

A general characteristic of all these social organizations 
at Harvard is the self-sufficing way in which, as a rule, they 
avoid mere noise and publicity. In this respect they have 
a strong resemblance to the better sort of clubs in cities. 
The number of students seems to necessitate numerous 
clubs, and the tendency is to organize them on those lines 
of congeniality and common interests which determine social 
groupings in the great world. In the shaping of charac- 
ters, and ultimately of careers, the social intercourse among 
students at Harvard plays a part scarcely less important 
than the instruction offered by the University. It breaks 
up the student body into various groups which maintain a 
certain consistency in after life. 

COMMENCEMENT AND CLASS DAY. 

Of the student body as a whole there is little to be said. 
It represents all but a very few elements of American citi- 
zenship, with a considerable foreign admixture. One never 
sees the whole of it at once ; but at the great athletic exhibi- 
tions, and on a few occasions of especial academic interest, 
one may get a fair idea of what the whole would be like. 




'THE TREE' 



135 

The greatest occasions are Class Day and Commence- 
ment. Both have been frequently described in books, and 
in the main the descriptions hold good from year to year. 
Commencements have lasted from the beginning, with a 
single break of seven years, from 1774 to 1781, occasioned 
by the Eevolutionary War. The chief features of the day 
are the ceremonies in Sanders Theatre, where speeches are 
made and degrees conferred, the great gathering of Alumni 
in the Yard and of particular (graduate) classes in various 
rooms in the older buildings, the procession in order of 
classes to Memorial, and the dinner there. The beginnings 
of Class Day are unknown. It is celebrated a week before 
Commencement. The Seniors, in caps and gowns, go to 
prayers together in Appleton Chapel, and later. gather with 
their friends in Sanders, where an orator and an ivy orator 
speak, and a poet and an odist read verses. " Spreads " 
are given in many places. In the afternoon, until 1898, 
there was always "The Tree," the most peculiar of Har- 
vard customs, whose origin, like that of Class Day, is un- 
explained. The tree itself stands in the quadrangle partly 
enclosed by Harvard, Hollis, and Holden, and it stood there 
more than a hundred years ago, as an old engraving shows. 
On countless Class Day afternoons its trunk has been circled 
by a band of flowers, for which thousands of seniors, attired 
in utterly disreputable raiment, have striven to the applause 
of fair spectators, whose gowns have exhibited, from year 
to year, the last refinements of countless fashions. But for 
various reasons " The Tree " was abandoned in 1898, and an 
entirely new set of ceremonies was performed around the 
statue of John Harvard at the west end of Memorial Hall. 
The evening of Class Day, except for the increase of the 
crowds, remains as it was. There is dancing in various 



136 



halls ; the Yard is bedecked with Japanese lanterns and 
thronged with promenaders ; and in the midst of all is the 
Glee Club's stand, whence at last the strains of "Fair 
Harvard " announce to the class whose name is gleaming 
on the front of Holworthy that its college days are num- 
bered. 



INDEX. 



Agassiz Museum (The Univer- 
sity Museum) 10, 66 

Appleton Chapel .... 20, 36 
Arnold Arboretum . . . .10, 113 
Architecture Building ... 61 
Archives, The University . . 104 
Astronomical Observatory . 10, 91 

Athletics 118 

Austin Hall (The Law School) 8, 106 

Boat House, University . . . 119 

Boat House, Weld 120 

Botanic Garden 10, 87 

Botany, Laboratories of . 83, 89, 91 
Boylston Hall (The Chemical 

Laboratory) 20, 33 

Bursar's Office 30 

Bussey Institution (The School 

of Agriculture) .... 9, 112 

Carev Building (Rotch Build- 
ing) 62, 119 

Chemical Laboratory (Boylston 

Hall) 20, 23 

Class Day 134 

Clubs 125 

" Educational 127 

" Literary and Social . . 129 
" Miscellaneous .... 128 

" Musical 128 

" Political 126 

" Practical 125 

" Religious 126 

" Sectional 126 

College House 32 

Commencement 134 

Conant Hall 66 

Corporation (The President and 
Fellows) 3-4 

Dane Hall 19, 30 

Dental School 8, 110 

Divinity School 8, 104 

" Hall 105 

" Library Building . . 105 
Dormitories 116 



Electrical Engineering Labora- 
tory 59 

Faculty of Arts and Sciences . 7 
Fine Arts Drawing Room . . 36 
Fogg Art Museum, The Wil- 
liam Haves 20, 39 

Foot Ball 121 

Free Clinic (Veterinary). . . 112 

Geography, Laboratories of . 80 
Geology, Laboratories of . . 76 

Glass Flowers 83 

Gore Hall (The College Li- 
brary) 19, 97, 98 

Graduate School 7 

Gray Collection of Engravings 40 
Grav Herbarium . . . . 10, 90 

Grays Hall 20, 29 

Gymnasium, The Hemenway . 65 

Harvard College, Historv of . 1-7 
Hall. . . . . 13, 16, 25 
" University, Founda- 
tion, Constitution, 
and Departments of 1-10 

" Statue 57, 135 

Hastings Hall . 62 

Holden Chapel 15, 27 

Hollis Hall 16, 26 

Holworthy Hall . . . . . 18, 28 

Holyoke House 30 

Hygiene, Laboratory of . . . 59 

Instrument Room, Scientific 
School 58 

Jefferson Phvsical Laboratorv 62 
Johnston Gate, The . . . \ 22 
Journalism 123 

Law School 8, 106 

Lawrence Scientific School . . 7, 57 

Library 9, 16, 94 

" " Bussey Institution (Ag- 
riculture) .... 113 



138 



34 
25 
111 
105 
26 
58 
35 

34 

90 
26 



Library, Child Memorial (Eng- 
lish) 

11 Classics 

" Dental School . . . 

" Divinity School . . . 

11 Economics 

11 Engineering .... 

" French 

11 Germanic Languages 
and Literatures . . 

" Gray Herbarium (Bot- 
any) 

" History and Govern- 
ment 

" Indo - Iranian Lan- 
guages 35 

" Law School .... 106 

" Musical 30 

" Romance Philology . 34 

" Semitic \ 34 

" University Museum . 68 

Locker Building 119 

Lucas Street Building (Veteri- 
nary School) Ill 

Massachusetts Hall ... 13, 24 
Matthews Hall .... 19, 21, 30 

Medical School 8, 106 

Memorial Hall ... 21, 41, 116 

Meyer Gate, The 23 

Mineralogy and Petrography, 

Laboratories of 79 

Museum, Botanical ... 68, 69 
" Comparative Zoolo- 
gy 68, 69 

Mineralogical . . 68, 77 
Peabody . . 10, 68, 69, 84 
Semitic .... 68, 86 
University ... 10, 66 
Warren Anatomical . 108 

Natural History Laboratories . 68 

Observatorv, Astronomical. 10, 91 
Overseers, "Board of ... . 3-6 



Palaeontology, Laboratory of . 80 
Peabody Museum of Ameri- 
can Archaeology and Ethno- 
logy 10, 68, 69, 84 

Perkins Hall 66 

Phillips Brooks House . . 20, 27 
Physical Laboratory, Jeffer- 
son * . . . . 62 

President and Fellows, The . 3-4 
Physiology, Laboratory of . . 59 
Psychological Laboratory . . 30 

Randall Collection of Engrav- 
ings 41 

Randall Hall 57, 116 

Rogers Building 60 

Rotch Building (The Old Carey 

Building) 62, 119 

Rowing 119 

Sanders Theatre 41, 50 

Sever Hall 20, 34 

Soldiers' Field 118 

Stoughton Hall ... 13, 17, 18, 27 
Summer School 7 

Thayer Hall 21, 29 

Track Athletics 122 

Tree, The Class Day .... 135 

University Hall .... 18, 21, 23 

Vegetable Physiology, Labora- 
tory of . 91 

Veterinary School .... 9, 111 
Village Street Hospital (Vete- 
rinary) Ill 

Wadsworth House . . . . 15, 32 
Weld Hall 21, 29 

Yard, The College .... 11-21 

Zoology, Laboratories of . . 81 



H285 83 -4 



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